What traumatic event does Zitkala-Sa describe at the school?

The forcible cutting of her long hair

Why was the cutting of her hair so humiliating to Zitkala-Sa?

Among her people, shingled hair was worn by cowards and mourners

Why is the therapeutic alliance important?

Because the trusting, empathic and confidential relationship between therapist and client is itself a key vehicle of healing.

On what basis are psychotherapies classified?

On their view of the cause of problems, how the cause arose, the chief method of treatment, the therapeutic relationship, the main benefit and the duration of treatment.

Describe systematic desensitisation.

Introduced by Wolpe to treat phobias, it pairs deep relaxation with a graded hierarchy of fear-provoking situations so the client is gradually desensitised, using reciprocal inhibition.

What is a token economy?

A behaviour-therapy method where desired behaviours are rewarded with tokens that can later be exchanged for a reward.

Explain the ABC analysis in Rational Emotive Therapy.

Antecedent events lead, through irrational Beliefs, to emotional Consequences; the therapist disputes the irrational beliefs to reduce distress.

How does Beck's cognitive therapy work?

It identifies dysfunctional core schemas and negative automatic thoughts and uses gentle questioning to achieve cognitive restructuring.

What do humanistic-existential therapies aim at?

They foster personal growth and self-actualisation by providing a permissive, accepting and non-judgmental atmosphere for free emotional expression.

Name some factors that contribute to healing in psychotherapy.

The techniques used, the therapeutic alliance, emotional catharsis, and non-specific patient and therapist variables.

How are the mentally ill rehabilitated?

Through occupational therapy, social-skills training, cognitive retraining and vocational training to help them become self-sufficient and productive.

Therapeutic Approaches

Q: What is psychotherapy and what are its goals?

It is a voluntary, professional relationship that aims to change maladaptive behaviour, reduce distress and help the client adapt better to their environment.

Class 12 Psychology · Psychology · Chapter 5

163 members in the CBSE community

View all

CBSE Class 12 · Psychology

140 board marks counted, chapter by chapter

Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each
26 board marks each: Ch 1 and Ch 2
22 of 140 board marks: disorders, Ch 4
20 of 140 board marks: therapies, Ch 5
6-mark questions on Freud, RET and Beck
IQ bands and twin correlations from the book

Page 1 free about 8 min read, Full kit about 55 min read

₹159See the full kit

CBSE Class 12 · Psychology

140 board marks counted, chapter by chapter

Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each
26 board marks each: Ch 1 and Ch 2
22 of 140 board marks: disorders, Ch 4
20 of 140 board marks: therapies, Ch 5
6-mark questions on Freud, RET and Beck
IQ bands and twin correlations from the book

Page 1 free about 8 min read, Full kit about 55 min read

₹159See the full kit

View all 46 amazing Marks Booster kits →

Summary

This chapter describes the nature and methods of psychotherapy used to relieve psychological distress. Psychotherapy is a voluntary, confidential relationship between a trained therapist and a client that aims to change maladaptive behaviour, reduce distress and improve adjustment. The therapeutic relationship or alliance, built on trust, empathy and unconditional positive regard, is central to healing. Therapies are classified mainly into psychodynamic, behaviour and existential (humanistic) approaches, differing in their view of the cause of problems, methods and the therapist's role. Behaviour therapy applies learning principles, using techniques such as negative reinforcement, aversive conditioning, token economy, systematic desensitisation (Wolpe) based on reciprocal inhibition, and modelling. Cognitive therapy locates distress in irrational thoughts; Ellis's Rational Emotive Therapy uses ABC analysis to dispute irrational beliefs, and Beck's cognitive therapy challenges dysfunctional schemas and negative automatic thoughts. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy combines these with a bio-psychosocial approach. Humanistic-existential therapies, including Rogers's client-centred therapy, Frankl's logotherapy and Gestalt therapy, foster personal growth and self-actualisation. Factors that contribute to healing include the techniques used, the therapeutic alliance, catharsis and non-specific patient and therapist variables, with ethics like informed consent and confidentiality. Alternative therapies such as yoga and meditation, and rehabilitation of the mentally ill through occupational, social-skills and vocational training, are also discussed.

Nature of psychotherapyTherapeutic relationshipTypes of therapiesBehaviour therapyCognitive therapyCognitive behaviour therapyHumanistic-existential therapyAlternative therapiesEthics in psychotherapyRehabilitation of the mentally ill

Key terms

Psychotherapy

A voluntary, confidential relationship in which a trained therapist helps a client overcome psychological distress.

Therapeutic alliance

The trusting, confiding relationship between client and therapist that is the vehicle for change.

Systematic desensitisation

Wolpe's behaviour-therapy technique for treating phobias using a relaxation-paired hierarchy of fear-provoking situations.

Rational Emotive Therapy

Ellis's cognitive therapy that uses antecedent-belief-consequence (ABC) analysis to dispute irrational beliefs.

Cognitive Behaviour Therapy

A widely used therapy combining cognitive and behavioural techniques within a bio-psychosocial framework.

Unconditional positive regard

The therapist's total, non-judgmental acceptance of the client, central to Rogers's client-centred therapy.

Rehabilitation

Helping a person with a severe disorder regain functioning through occupational, social-skills and vocational training.

Extra questions & answers

Try one from this chapter

Psychotherapy is best described as:

Flashcards & interactive practice