Therapeutic Approaches
Class 12 Psychology · Psychology · Chapter 5
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Summary
This chapter describes the nature and methods of psychotherapy used to relieve psychological distress. Psychotherapy is a voluntary, confidential relationship between a trained therapist and a client that aims to change maladaptive behaviour, reduce distress and improve adjustment. The therapeutic relationship or alliance, built on trust, empathy and unconditional positive regard, is central to healing. Therapies are classified mainly into psychodynamic, behaviour and existential (humanistic) approaches, differing in their view of the cause of problems, methods and the therapist's role. Behaviour therapy applies learning principles, using techniques such as negative reinforcement, aversive conditioning, token economy, systematic desensitisation (Wolpe) based on reciprocal inhibition, and modelling. Cognitive therapy locates distress in irrational thoughts; Ellis's Rational Emotive Therapy uses ABC analysis to dispute irrational beliefs, and Beck's cognitive therapy challenges dysfunctional schemas and negative automatic thoughts. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy combines these with a bio-psychosocial approach. Humanistic-existential therapies, including Rogers's client-centred therapy, Frankl's logotherapy and Gestalt therapy, foster personal growth and self-actualisation. Factors that contribute to healing include the techniques used, the therapeutic alliance, catharsis and non-specific patient and therapist variables, with ethics like informed consent and confidentiality. Alternative therapies such as yoga and meditation, and rehabilitation of the mentally ill through occupational, social-skills and vocational training, are also discussed.
Nature of psychotherapyTherapeutic relationshipTypes of therapiesBehaviour therapyCognitive therapyCognitive behaviour therapyHumanistic-existential therapyAlternative therapiesEthics in psychotherapyRehabilitation of the mentally ill
Key terms
Psychotherapy
A voluntary, confidential relationship in which a trained therapist helps a client overcome psychological distress.
Therapeutic alliance
The trusting, confiding relationship between client and therapist that is the vehicle for change.
Systematic desensitisation
Wolpe's behaviour-therapy technique for treating phobias using a relaxation-paired hierarchy of fear-provoking situations.
Rational Emotive Therapy
Ellis's cognitive therapy that uses antecedent-belief-consequence (ABC) analysis to dispute irrational beliefs.
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy
A widely used therapy combining cognitive and behavioural techniques within a bio-psychosocial framework.
Unconditional positive regard
The therapist's total, non-judgmental acceptance of the client, central to Rogers's client-centred therapy.
Rehabilitation
Helping a person with a severe disorder regain functioning through occupational, social-skills and vocational training.
Extra questions & answers
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Psychotherapy is best described as: