Self and Personality
Class 12 Psychology · Psychology · Chapter 2
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Summary
Self and personality describe the characteristic ways we define our existence. The self is the totality of an individual's conscious experiences, ideas and feelings about himself or herself, and can be understood both as subject (knower) and object (known). Kinds of self include personal and social identity, and the self develops through interaction with significant others. Important self-processes are self-esteem (one's overall worth), self-efficacy (Bandura's belief in one's capability) and self-regulation (controlling behaviour, including self-reinforcement). Personality is a relatively stable, organised set of characteristics. Type approaches classify people into categories (Ayurveda's tridosha, Sheldon's body types, Jung's introvert-extravert, Friedman and Rosenman's Type A and Type B). Trait approaches describe building blocks of personality: Allport's cardinal, central and secondary traits, Cattell's source traits, Eysenck's dimensions and the Big Five factors (openness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism, conscientiousness). The psychodynamic approach (Freud) emphasises the unconscious, the id-ego-superego structure, libido, ego defence mechanisms and psychosexual stages; post-Freudians include Jung, Horney, Adler and Erikson. The behavioural, cultural and humanistic (Rogers, Maslow) approaches offer alternatives. Personality is assessed through self-report measures, projective techniques (Rorschach, TAT) and behavioural analysis.
Concept of selfSelf-esteem and self-efficacySelf-regulationType approachesTrait approachesFive-factor modelPsychodynamic approachBehavioural and cultural approachesHumanistic approachAssessment of personality
Key terms
Self
The totality of an individual's conscious experiences, ideas, thoughts and feelings about himself or herself.
Self-efficacy
A person's belief, after Bandura, that he or she can produce or handle a given situation through their own behaviour.
Personality
Relatively enduring and organised characteristics that make a person distinct and produce consistent behaviour.
Trait
A stable, enduring characteristic that is a building block of personality, used to describe and predict behaviour.
Big Five factors
Costa and McCrae's five broad dimensions: openness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism and conscientiousness.
Ego defence mechanisms
Freudian processes such as repression, projection, denial, reaction formation and rationalisation that protect the ego from anxiety.
Projective techniques
Personality assessment using ambiguous stimuli (e.g. Rorschach, TAT) onto which a person projects inner feelings.
Extra questions & answers
Try one from this chapter
When the self actively engages in the process of knowing itself, it is being treated as: