Meeting Life Challenges
Class 12 Psychology · Psychology · Chapter 3
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Physics
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Physics
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History
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History
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History
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Geography
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Geography
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Geography
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Summary
This chapter examines stress as a feature of life and how people cope with it. Stress is the pattern of responses an organism makes to events that disturb its equilibrium; mild stress (eustress) can energise, while excessive stress turns into distress. Lazarus stressed that the impact of an event depends on cognitive appraisal: primary appraisal judges whether the situation is positive, neutral or stressful, and secondary appraisal assesses one's coping resources. Sources and types of stress include physical and environmental, psychological (frustration, conflict, internal and social pressures) and social stress. Stress affects psychological functioning, leading to emotional, physiological, cognitive and behavioural effects, and prolonged stress damages health. Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome describes three stages of the body's response: alarm reaction, resistance and exhaustion. Stress weakens the immune system, and chronic stress can cause burnout. Lifestyle factors influence health. Coping, after Lazarus and Folkman, may be task-oriented (problem-focused), emotion-focused or avoidance-oriented. Stress-management techniques include relaxation, meditation, biofeedback, creative visualisation, cognitive restructuring and exercise. Positive health and well-being are promoted by life skills such as assertiveness, time management, rational thinking, improving relationships, self-care and overcoming unhelpful habits, along with social support, a balanced diet and resilience.
Nature and sources of stressAppraisal of stressEffects of stress on healthGeneral Adaptation SyndromeStress and immune systemLifestyleCoping with stressStress management techniquesLife skillsPromoting positive health
Key terms
Stress
The pattern of responses an organism makes to stimulus events that disturb its equilibrium and tax its ability to cope.
Appraisal
Lazarus's idea that stress depends on how a person interprets an event (primary appraisal) and their coping resources (secondary appraisal).
General Adaptation Syndrome
Selye's three-stage bodily response to prolonged stress: alarm reaction, resistance and exhaustion.
Burnout
A state of emotional, mental and physical exhaustion caused by chronic, prolonged stress.
Coping
A dynamic process of managing demands appraised as taxing, which may be problem-focused, emotion-focused or avoidance-oriented.
Life skills
Abilities for adaptive and positive behaviour such as assertiveness, time management and rational thinking that promote well-being.
Resilience
The dynamic capacity to bounce back from adversity and maintain or regain well-being.
Extra questions & answers
Try one from this chapter
The helpful, energising form of stress is called: