Mahatma Gandhi and the Nationalist Movement — Civil Disobedience and Beyond
Class 12 History · Themes in Indian History Part III · Chapter 3
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Summary
This chapter analyses Mahatma Gandhi's role in the Indian national movement between 1915 and 1948, using sources such as newspapers, letters, autobiographies and government records. Returning from South Africa in 1915, where he had developed satyagraha, Gandhi first led local struggles at Champaran, Ahmedabad and Kheda, then transformed the Congress into a mass movement. The Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-22), launched against the Rowlatt Act, the Jallianwala Bagh massacre and the Khilafat issue, drew millions into boycotts of schools, courts and foreign goods, but Gandhi suspended it after the violence at Chauri Chaura. In 1930 the Salt March to Dandi launched the Civil Disobedience Movement, defying the salt law and spreading mass protest across the country; the Round Table Conferences and the Gandhi-Irwin Pact followed. Gandhi worked to make nationalism inclusive — addressing untouchability and calling untouchables Harijans, promoting khadi and the charkha, and reaching out to peasants, workers and women, who participated in large numbers. The Quit India Movement of 1942 became the most widespread challenge to British rule. Throughout, Gandhi appeared in ordinary dress, lived simply, and built an extraordinary bond with the masses, who saw him as a saintly leader. The chapter also shows how historians reconstruct his career — distinguishing the man from the myths around him — and reflects on the events leading to independence, Partition and his assassination in 1948.
Return, satyagraha and early strugglesNon-Cooperation and the mass movementThe Salt March and Civil DisobedienceInclusive nationalism: khadi, caste and womenQuit India, independence and Gandhi's legacy
Key terms
Satyagraha
Gandhi's technique of non-violent resistance based on truth and moral force, developed in South Africa.
Non-Cooperation Movement
The 1920-22 mass movement urging Indians to withdraw cooperation from British institutions.
Salt March
Gandhi's 1930 march to Dandi that launched the Civil Disobedience Movement by breaking the salt law.
Khadi
Hand-spun, hand-woven cloth promoted by Gandhi as a symbol of self-reliance and protest against foreign cloth.
Harijan
The term Gandhi used for untouchables in his campaign against untouchability.
Quit India Movement
The 1942 movement demanding an immediate end to British rule, the most widespread anti-colonial struggle.
Extra questions & answers
Try one from this chapter
In which year did Gandhi return to India from South Africa?