Colonialism and the Countryside — Exploring Official Archives
Class 12 History · Themes in Indian History Part III · Chapter 1
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Summary
This chapter examines what colonial rule meant in the Indian countryside, using official archives — revenue records, surveys, journals and enquiry reports — while warning that these were produced by the colonial state and reflect its concerns. In Bengal the East India Company introduced the Permanent Settlement of 1793, fixing revenue demands on zamindars; many failed to pay and lost their estates at auction, while jotedars and other rich peasants grew powerful and the Company's rigid demands caused hardship. In the Rajmahal hills the Paharias practised shifting cultivation and resisted outsiders; the Company encouraged the Santhals to settle and clear forests for cultivation, but heavy revenue, moneylenders and dispossession led to the Santhal rebellion of 1855-56, after which a separate Santhal Pargana was created. In the Bombay Deccan the ryotwari settlement assessed revenue directly from peasants (ryots); high demands, falling prices and indebtedness to moneylenders (sahukars) produced the Deccan riots of 1875, when peasants attacked moneylenders and burnt bonds and deeds. A Deccan Riots Commission investigated the causes. The chapter shows how historians read such records critically — recognising the biases of surveyors and officials, comparing official accounts with other evidence, and recovering the experiences of peasants who both suffered under and resisted colonial laws.
Bengal and the Permanent SettlementPaharias, Santhals and the hillsThe ryotwari system in the DeccanThe Deccan riots of 1875Reading official archives critically
Key terms
Permanent Settlement
The 1793 revenue arrangement in Bengal fixing the demand on zamindars permanently.
Jotedar
A rich peasant who controlled land and local power in rural Bengal.
Ryotwari
A revenue system in the Deccan under which revenue was assessed directly from individual peasants (ryots).
Santhal rebellion
The 1855-56 uprising of the Santhals against moneylenders and colonial dispossession.
Sahukar
A moneylender and trader on whom Deccan peasants became dependent, often resented during the riots.
Deccan Riots Commission
The body that enquired into the causes of the 1875 Deccan peasant uprising.
Extra questions & answers
Try one from this chapter
The 1793 revenue arrangement in Bengal fixing the demand on zamindars was the