Terms, Concepts and Their Use in Sociology
Class 11 Sociology · Introducing Sociology · Chapter 2
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Summary
Sociology needs a precise vocabulary precisely because its subject matter — family, status, social control — is so familiar that we cannot see it clearly. Concepts are keys that open locks to understanding society, but they must be constantly questioned and modified. The chapter explains how individuals form social groups, which differ from mere aggregates (people in the same place, like a bus queue) and quasi-groups (unorganised collections such as a social class that may later become an organised group). A social group has persistent interaction, a sense of belonging, shared norms and a definable structure. Sociologists classify groups into primary (small, intimate, face-to-face, like family) and secondary (large, formal, goal-oriented, like a school), and into community versus society or association, in-groups versus out-groups, peer groups and reference groups. Social stratification refers to structured inequalities between groups; four historical systems are slavery, caste, estate and class. Caste rests on ascribed status fixed by birth and ideas of purity and pollution, while modern class is open and achievement-based, explained variously by Marx, Weber and functionalism. Status is a position in society, role is its dynamic behavioural aspect; statuses may be ascribed or achieved, and individuals occupy a whole status set, facing role conflict and role stereotyping. Finally, social control — formal (law, state) and informal (ridicule, family, custom) — uses sanctions to manage deviance and maintain order, viewed differently by functionalist and conflict theorists.
Terms, Concepts and Their Use in Sociology
Key terms
Social group
A collection of people who interact continuously, share norms and a sense of belonging, and have a definable structure.
Quasi-group
An aggregate lacking structure whose members may be unaware of forming a group, such as a social class or crowd.
Primary and secondary groups
Primary groups are small, intimate and face-to-face; secondary groups are large, formal and goal-oriented.
Social stratification
The existence of structured inequalities between groups in their access to material or symbolic rewards.
Status and role
Status is a social position with defined rights and duties; role is the behaviour expected of that status.
Social control
The means by which society regulates behaviour, using formal and informal sanctions to restrain deviance.
Extra questions & answers
Try one from this chapter
Passengers waiting at a bus stop with no shared connection form a: