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Trigonometric Functions — Class 11 Mathematics

Mathematics · Chapter 3

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Chapter summary

Trigonometric ratios of acute angles are generalised here to trigonometric functions of any angle. Angles are measured in degrees or in radians, related by , and an arc of length in a circle of radius subtends so . Using a unit circle, and are the coordinates of a point, giving , and . Sine and cosine are periodic with period ; their signs vary by quadrant. The chapter derives the sum and difference formulas, e.g. and , the double- and triple-angle identities such as and , and the product-to-sum and sum-to-product transformations. These identities let us evaluate functions at angles like and prove a wide range of trigonometric equalities.
Angles: degree and radian measureArc length \(l=r\theta\)Trigonometric functions on the unit circleSigns, domain and range by quadrantSum and difference identitiesDouble, triple and half-angle formulaeProduct-to-sum and sum-to-product formulae

Key ideas & terms

Radian measure
Angle subtended at the centre by an arc equal to the radius; .
Arc length relation
In a circle of radius , where is in radians.
Pythagorean identity
, with and .
Sum formula
; .
Double angle
; .
Periodicity
and repeat every ; and repeat every .

Extra questions & answers

Convert into radian measure.

Radian radians.

State the relation between arc length, radius and angle.

If an arc of length subtends an angle (radians) at the centre of a circle of radius , then .

Give the range and period of and .

Both have domain , range and period .

Find using the difference formula.

.

Write the three double-angle forms of .

.

Express in terms of and .

, provided none of is an odd multiple of .

When does and when does ?

when ; when , .

State the sum-to-product formula for .

.

Give the formula for and .

and .

In which quadrants are and positive?

is positive in the first and second quadrants; is positive in the first and fourth quadrants.