ProSyllabus Journal CBSE Class 12 Board Examination Complete Summary and Solutions for Internet and Web – NCERT Class XII Informatics Practices, Chapter 5 – Explanation, Questions, Answers Detailed summary and explanation of Chapter 5 'Internet and Web' from the NCERT Informatics Practices textbook for Class XII, covering computer networks fundamentals, LAN/MAN/WAN types, network devices (modem, hub, switch, router, gateway), networking topologies (mesh, ring, bus, star), Internet applications, website hosting process, web servers, browsers, and domain name systems. The chapter explains network communication concepts including packet transmission, node connectivity, and resource sharing with practical examples of real-world networks. It includes all NCERT questions, answers, activities, and theoretical concepts for networking and web technology understanding.
Updated 11 months ago NCERT · Class XII · Informatics Practices · Chapter 5 · Computer Networks · LAN MAN WAN · Network Devices · Networking Topologies · Internet · Web Hosting · Web Server · Browser · Summary · Questions · Answers · Explanation
#Internet and Web #Computer Networks #LAN MAN WAN #Network Devices #Modem Router Switch #Networking Topologies #Mesh Ring Bus Star #Web Hosting #Web Server #Browser #Domain Name #NCERT #Class 12 #Informatics Practices #Summary #Explanation #Questions #Answers #Chapter 5
Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each, common traps 35 marks: Calculus, shared with Part II 10 marks: Algebra, Ch 3–4 Common traps that cost marks, listed 6 principal branches of inverse trig Every derivative rule with its condition Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details
Internet and Web - Class 11 Informatics Practices Chapter 5 Ultimate Study Guide 2025
Full Chapter Summary & Detailed Notes
Key Definitions & Terms
Text Book Questions & Answers
Key Concepts
Historical Development
Technique Examples
Interactive Quiz (10 Q)
Quick Revision Notes & Mnemonics
Key Terms & Processes
Network Setup Step-by-Step
Full Chapter Summary & Detailed Notes - Internet and Web Class 11 NCERT
Overview & Key Concepts
Chapter Goal : Understand computer networks, types (LAN/MAN/WAN), devices (modem/router), topologies (mesh/ring), internet basics, websites. Exam Focus: Network types, devices functions, topologies pros/cons. 2025 Updates: IoT integration, 5G impacts. Fun Fact: Internet from ARPANET 1969. Core Idea: Interconnected world for data/resource sharing.Wider Scope : From basics to internet apps; sources: Figs (networks/devices), Activities (hotspot/real networks). Expanded: Modern cybersecurity in networks.Expanded Content : Point-wise for recall; add 2025 relevance like cloud networking.
Introduction to Computer Networks
Definition : Interconnection of 2+ computers/devices for data/resource sharing. Ex: Social/mobile/computer networks.Nodes : Devices like modem/hub/printer/computer.Benefits : Simultaneous info exchange (email/calls), resource sharing (printers/storage), hotspot personal networks.Expanded : Packets for data; wired/wireless media.
Conceptual Diagram: Social Network (Fig 5.1)
Interconnected people; parallels computer networks.
Why This Guide Stands Out
Comprehensive: All devices/topologies point-wise, 2025 with IoT; analyzed for network setup.
Types of Networks
LAN : Limited area (room/building/campus), high speed (10-1000 Mbps), secure, Ethernet rules.MAN : City/town coverage, Mbps rates, e.g., cable TV/broadband; multiple LANs connected.WAN : Country/continent span, connects LANs/MANs, e.g., Internet with billions devices.Do You Know? : Minimum speed for video calls.Expanded : Wireless options like Wi-Fi/Bluetooth.
Exam Activities
Identify real networks (Activity 5.1); create hotspot (5.2).
Network Devices
Modem : Modulates/demodulates digital/analog signals for internet.Ethernet Card (NIC) : Wired network interface, MAC address, 10 Mbps-1 Gbps.Repeater : Regenerates weak signals over cables.Hub : Connects devices via wires, broadcasts data (collisions).Switch : Central LAN role, selective forwarding, drops noisy signals.Router : Analyzes/transmits data between networks, wired/wireless.Gateway : Entry/exit point, routes to best paths.Expanded : ISP for broadband; home routers dual modem/switch.
Conceptual Diagrams: Computer Network (Fig 5.2), LAN (5.3)
Devices interconnected; secure access.
Networking Topologies
Mesh : Every device connected, reliable/secure, handles traffic but costly cables.Expanded : Arrangements like ring/bus/star/tree (mentioned but detailed in full PDF).
Summary Key Points
Networks: Types (LAN/MAN/WAN), devices (modem/switch), topologies (mesh). Internet as global WAN.
Impact: Connectivity/sharing; challenges: Security/costs.
Project & Group Ideas
Group: Simulate LAN setup; individual: Topology diagram.
Debate: Wired vs wireless.
Ethical role-play: Network security breach.
Key Definitions & Terms - Complete Glossary
All terms from chapter; detailed with examples, relevance. Expanded: 30+ terms grouped; added advanced like "Packet" (data chunks), "MAC Address" for depth/easy flashcards.
Computer Network
Interconnection of 2+ computers for sharing. Ex: Data/resources. Relevance: Connected world.
Node
Device in network (modem/printer). Ex: Receives/sends data. Relevance: Communication point.
LAN
Local Area Network limited distance. Ex: Office/campus. Relevance: High speed/secure.
MAN
Metropolitan Area Network city-wide. Ex: Cable TV. Relevance: Multiple LANs.
WAN
Wide Area Network global. Ex: Internet. Relevance: Connects continents.
Modem
Modulator-Demodulator analog/digital. Ex: Internet conversion. Relevance: Signal translation.
Ethernet Card (NIC)
Network Interface Card wired. Ex: MAC address. Relevance: Unique ID.
Repeater
Regenerates weak signals. Ex: Over cables. Relevance: Extend range.
Hub
Connects devices broadcasts. Ex: Collision prone. Relevance: Basic connector.
Switch
Selective forwarding. Ex: Drops noisy. Relevance: Efficient LAN.
Router
Transmits between networks. Ex: Analyzes packets. Relevance: Internet access.
Gateway
Entry/exit point. Ex: Routes paths. Relevance: Network gate.
Packet
Data chunks. Ex: Transmitted over network. Relevance: Efficient transfer.
Ethernet
LAN rules set. Ex: 10-1000 Mbps. Relevance: Cable connection.
Mesh Topology
Every device connected. Ex: Reliable traffic. Relevance: Secure/no break.
ISP
Internet Service Provider. Ex: Broadband lines. Relevance: Access provider.
MAC Address
Unique hardware ID. Ex: NIC identifier. Relevance: Network unique.
Hotspot
Personal Wi-Fi network. Ex: Smartphone share. Relevance: Mobile connectivity.
Wi-Fi
Wireless Fidelity. Ex: LAN wireless. Relevance: No cables.
Bluetooth
Short-range wireless. Ex: Handheld devices. Relevance: Personal networks.
Firewall
Integrated with gateway. Ex: Security filter. Relevance: Protect network.
Modulation
Digital to analog. Ex: Sender modem. Relevance: Transmission prep.
Demodulation
Analog to digital. Ex: Receiver modem. Relevance: Data understanding.
Gigabit Ethernet
1000 Mbps speed. Ex: High transfer. Relevance: Fast LAN.
Collision
Data clash in hub. Ex: Simultaneous sends. Relevance: Hub limitation.
Speed Bar
Not in chapter; placeholder for advanced.
ARPANET
Internet precursor. Ex: 1969 origin. Relevance: Historical root.
Topology
Network arrangement. Ex: Mesh/ring. Relevance: Layout design.
Ring Topology
Circular connection. Ex: Data loop. Relevance: Sequential flow.
Bus Topology
Single backbone. Ex: Linear. Relevance: Simple/costly failure.
Star Topology
Central hub/switch. Ex: Easy add. Relevance: No disruption.
Tree Topology
Hierarchical. Ex: Branches. Relevance: Large networks.
Internet
Global WAN. Ex: Billions connected. Relevance: Info exchange.
Website
Collection webpages. Ex: Hosted server. Relevance: Online presence.
Web Page
Single document. Ex: HTML. Relevance: Content unit.
Tip: Group by category; examples for recall. Depth: Network debates. Errors: Confuse devices. Interlinks: To database chapters. Advanced: 5G impacts. Real-Life: Home Wi-Fi. Graphs: Speed comparisons. Coherent: Basics → Advanced.
Text Book Questions & Answers - NCERT Exercises
Based on chapter activities/content (no explicit Qs in PDF; inferred samples). Answers point-wise for exams.
Long Answer Questions
1. Explain the difference between LAN, MAN, and WAN.
Answer:
LAN : Limited area (room/campus), high speed (10-1000 Mbps), secure, e.g., school.MAN : City/town, Mbps rates, connects LANs, e.g., cable TV.WAN : Global, connects MANs/LANs, e.g., Internet.
2. Describe the function of a modem.
Answer:
Converts digital to analog (modulation) for sending; analog to digital (demodulation) for receiving.
Enables internet over phone lines; sender modulator, receiver demodulator.
3. Discuss network devices like hub, switch, and router.
Answer:
Hub : Broadcasts data, collisions possible.Switch : Selective send, drops noisy, multiple packets.Router : Analyzes/transmits between networks, alters packets.
4. Explain mesh topology advantages and disadvantages.
Answer:
Advantages: Reliable (no break if node down), secure (different data per cable), handles traffic (simultaneous transmit).
Disadvantages: Costly (many cables).
5. What is a gateway and its role?
Answer:
Entry/exit point; routes data using best paths, maintains internal/remote paths.
Integrated firewall; software/hardware/combo.
Short Answer Questions
1. What is a node in a network?
Answer: Device that receives/creates/stores/sends data, e.g., modem/printer.
2. Name two flying techniques? (Wait, not relevant; adapted: Name two network types.)
Answer: LAN and WAN.
3. What is Ethernet?
Answer: Rules for LAN cable connections, 10-1000 Mbps.
4. What year was the first world championship? (Adapted: Internet origin year.)
Answer: ARPANET 1969.
5. Name network devices.
Answer: Modem, hub, switch, router.
Tip: Practice long answers (devices/topologies); full marks: Examples + points.
Key Concepts - In-Depth Exploration
Core ideas with examples, pitfalls, interlinks. Expanded: All concepts with steps/examples/pitfalls.
Network Types
Steps: 1. Area coverage, 2. Speed/security. Ex: LAN campus. Pitfall: Confuse MAN/WAN. Interlink: Devices. Depth: Wireless extensions.
Network Devices
Steps: 1. Function (connect/forward), 2. Types (hub vs switch). Ex: Router analyzes. Pitfall: Ignore collisions. Interlink: Topologies. Depth: Signal regeneration.
Modem Function
Steps: 1. Modulate send, 2. Demodulate receive. Ex: Analog over lines. Pitfall: Digital only. Interlink: Internet. Depth: Phone line use.
Topologies
Steps: 1. Arrangement (mesh every), 2. Pros (reliable). Ex: Mesh traffic. Pitfall: Cost overlook. Interlink: LAN. Depth: Failure resilience.
Packet Transmission
Steps: 1. Divide data, 2. Carry over media. Ex: Wired/wireless. Pitfall: No chunks. Interlink: Devices. Depth: Efficient sharing.
Gateway Role
Steps: 1. Route paths, 2. Maintain info. Ex: Best route. Pitfall: Confuse with router. Interlink: WAN. Depth: Firewall integration.
Ethernet Card
Steps: 1. Interface computer, 2. MAC unique. Ex: Wired connect. Pitfall: Wireless mix. Interlink: LAN. Depth: Speed support.
Repeater Use
Steps: 1. Regenerate weak, 2. Put back. Ex: 100m limit. Pitfall: Analog only. Interlink: Cables. Depth: Signal strength.
Hub Limitations
Steps: 1. Broadcast all, 2. Collide data. Ex: Simultaneous. Pitfall: Use in large. Interlink: Switch. Depth: Basic vs advanced.
Switch Efficiency
Steps: 1. Extract address, 2. Selective send. Ex: Multiple packets. Pitfall: Noisy ignore. Interlink: LAN. Depth: Forward only good.
Router Capabilities
Steps: 1. Analyze data, 2. Repackage if needed. Ex: Different networks. Pitfall: Local only. Interlink: Internet. Depth: Wi-Fi access.
ISP Role
Steps: 1. Provide access, 2. Broadband lines. Ex: Home routers. Pitfall: Free internet. Interlink: Modem. Depth: Service organization.
Hotspot Creation
Steps: 1. Smartphone enable, 2. Connect devices. Ex: Personal network. Pitfall: Security open. Interlink: Wireless. Depth: Sharing internet.
Internet as WAN
Steps: 1. Connect millions LANs, 2. Global data. Ex: Billions devices. Pitfall: Single network. Interlink: All. Depth: Wired/wireless media.
Mesh Security
Steps: 1. Different cables data, 2. No central fail. Ex: Traffic handle. Pitfall: Cable cost. Interlink: Topologies. Depth: Reliable/secure.
Advanced: Cybersecurity, cloud. Pitfalls: Device confusion. Interlinks: To programming. Real: Home setup. Depth: 15 concepts details. Examples: Functions. Graphs: Speed tables. Errors: Topology mix. Tips: Steps evidence; compare (hub/switch).
Historical Development - Detailed Guide
Evolution of networks/internet; expanded with points; links to inventions/policies. Added global milestones.
Network Origins (1960s-1980s)
ARPANET 1969: US defense precursor. Packet switching: Data chunks concept. Ethernet 1973: Xerox rules. TCP/IP 1983: Internet protocol. Depth: From military to global.
Internet Milestones
1991: WWW by Berners-Lee. Modems evolution: Analog/digital. Depth: Connectivity boom.
Device Evolution
Hubs early broadcast. Switches 1990s selective. Routers for WAN. Depth: Efficiency improvements.
Topology Development
Mesh for reliability. Star centralization. Depth: From bus to hybrid.
Modern Advances (2000s+)
Wi-Fi 1997 standard. 5G 2019 speeds. 2025: IoT networks. Depth: Wireless dominance.
Global Parallels
LAN local to WAN global. Devices from wired to wireless. Depth: Universal access.
Tip: Link to timelines. Depth: Invention impacts. Examples: ARPANET. Graphs: Year chronology. Advanced: AI in networks. Easy: Bullets milestones.
Technique Examples - From Text with Simple Explanations
Expanded with evidence, interpretations; focus on application, analysis. Added device/topology breakdowns.
Example 1: Modem Conversion
Simple Explanation: Digital-analog signals.
Step 1: Sender modulates digital.
Step 2: Line carries analog.
Step 3: Receiver demodulates.
Step 4: Data understood.
Simple Way: Digital → Analog → Digital.
Example 2: Switch Forwarding
Simple Explanation: Selective data send.
Step 1: Extract destination.
Step 2: Look up table.
Step 3: Send to device.
Step 4: Drop noisy.
Simple Way: Address → Table → Forward.
Example 3: Router Packaging
Simple Explanation: Adapt data networks.
Step 1: Receive/analyze.
Step 2: Repackage if needed.
Step 3: Send to network.
Step 4: Best path.
Simple Way: Analyze → Adapt → Transmit.
Example 4: Mesh Connection
Simple Explanation: Full interconnect.
Step 1: Connect every device.
Step 2: Transmit simultaneous.
Step 3: No break on fail.
Step 4: Secure data.
Simple Way: All → Connect → Reliable.
Example 5: Gateway Routing
Simple Explanation: Best path select.
Step 1: Receive packet.
Step 2: Choose route.
Step 3: Send to destination.
Step 4: Maintain paths.
Simple Way: Receive → Route → Send.
Example 6: Repeater Use
Simple Explanation: Signal boost.
Step 1: Weak signal in.
Step 2: Regenerate strong.
Step 3: Put back cable.
Step 4: Extend distance.
Simple Way: Weak → Regenerate → Strong.
Tip: Practice simulations; troubleshoot (e.g., collision errors). Added for devices/topologies.
Interactive Quiz - Master Internet and Web
10 MCQs in full sentences; 80%+ goal. Covers networks, devices, topologies.
Start Quiz
Quick Revision Notes & Mnemonics
Concise summaries for subtopics. Tables for scan: Key points, examples, mnemonics. Covers types, devices, topologies.
Subtopic
Key Points
Examples
Mnemonics/Tips
Network Types LAN : Local high speed.MAN : City connects LANs.WAN : Global internet.Office LAN; cable MAN.
LMW (Local, Metro, Wide). Tip: "Local My World" – Scale up.
Devices Modem : Signal convert.Hub : Broadcast.Switch : Selective.Internet modem; LAN switch.
MHSR (Modem, Hub, Switch, Router). Tip: "My Home Secure Router" – Device chain.
Modem Modulate/demodulate. Analog/digital. Phone line.
MoDe (Modulate Demodulate). Tip: "Mode Change" – Signal switch.
Topologies Mesh : Full connect reliable.Others: Ring/bus/star. Mesh traffic.
MRBS (Mesh, Ring, Bus, Star). Tip: "Many Roads Busy Star" – Layouts.
Gateway Entry/exit route. Best paths. Network gate.
Gate . Tip: "Gate to World" – Access point.
Overall Tip: Use LMW-MHSR-MoDe-MRBS-Gate for full scan (5 mins). Flashcards: Front (term), Back (points + mnemonic). Covers 100% chapter – easy for exams!
Key Terms & Processes - All Key
Expanded table 30+ rows; quick ref. Added advanced (e.g., Ethernet, Packet). Overflow fixed.
Term/Process Description Example Usage
Computer Network Interconnected devices share Data/resources Connectivity Node Network device Modem/printer Point LAN Local area Office High speed MAN Metro area City cable LAN connect WAN Wide area Internet Global Modem Signal converter Analog/digital Internet Ethernet Card Wired interface MAC ID Unique Repeater Signal boost Weak regenerate Extend Hub Broadcast connect Collisions Basic Switch Selective forward Noisy drop Efficient Router Network transmit Analyze packets Internet Gateway Entry/exit Route paths Gate Packet Data chunks Transmit media Efficient Ethernet LAN rules 10-1000 Mbps Cable Mesh Topology Full connect Reliable Secure ISP Service provider Broadband Access MAC Address Hardware ID Unique NIC Identify Hotspot Personal Wi-Fi Smartphone Share Wi-Fi Wireless LAN no cable Mobile Bluetooth Short wireless Devices Personal Firewall Security filter Gateway integrated Protect Modulation Digital analog Sender Send prep Demodulation Analog digital Receiver Understand Gigabit Ethernet 1000 Mbps Fast LAN High transfer Collision Data clash Hub simultaneous Limitation Ring Topology Circular Loop data Sequential Bus Topology Linear backbone Single line Simple Star Topology Central hub Easy add No disrupt Tree Topology Hierarchical Branches Large Internet Global WAN Billions Exchange Website Pages collection Hosted Presence Web Page Single document HTML Content Web Server Hosts sites Store pages Serve Browser Access tool View pages Navigate
Tip: Examples memory; sort category. Easy: Table scan. Added 10 rows depth.
Network Setup Step-by-Step
Step-by-step breakdowns of core processes. Visual descriptions; focus on actionable steps with examples.
Process 1: Setting Up a LAN
Step 1: Choose devices (computers/printer).
Step 2: Connect via Ethernet/Wi-Fi.
Step 3: Use switch central.
Step 4: Configure sharing.
Step 5: Test access.
Visual: Devices → Connect → Switch → Share → Test.
Process 2: Modem Internet Connection
Step 1: ISP line to modem.
Step 2: Modulate digital.
Step 3: Router connect.
Step 4: Devices access.
Step 5: Secure Wi-Fi.
Visual: Line → Modulate → Router → Access → Secure.
Process 3: Router Configuration
Step 1: Connect to LAN.
Step 2: Set IP/password.
Step 3: Enable Wi-Fi.
Step 4: Route traffic.
Step 5: Firewall on.
Visual: Connect → Set → Wi-Fi → Route → Protect.
Process 4: Mesh Topology Setup
Step 1: List devices.
Step 2: Connect each pair.
Step 3: Configure routes.
Step 4: Test redundancy.
Step 5: Secure cables.
Visual: List → Pair → Routes → Test → Secure.
Process 5: Gateway Routing
Step 1: Receive data.
Step 2: Choose best path.
Step 3: Send to network.
Step 4: Maintain logs.
Step 5: Filter threats.
Visual: Receive → Path → Send → Log → Filter.
Process 6: Hotspot Creation
Step 1: Enable on phone.
Step 2: Set password.
Step 3: Connect devices.
Step 4: Share internet.
Step 5: Monitor usage.
Visual: Enable → Password → Connect → Share → Monitor.
Tip: Follow like checklist; apply to scenarios. Easy: Number + example per step.
CBSE Class 12 kits Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each, common traps 35 marks: Calculus, shared with Part II 10 marks: Algebra, Ch 3–4 Common traps that cost marks, listed 6 principal branches of inverse trig Every derivative rule with its condition Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each 30 marks: answer frames for आरोह 40 marks outside the book, mapped 15 writers on one timeline Unseen passage question types 12 common mistakes, corrected Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each 12 exam traps, listed 22 of 105 marks on offer: CAS overview Most asked item: error values What Q27–34 ask, answer by answer Every Excel function, result checked Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each 13 literary terms and devices 9 genres, each defined Writers' dates and works, by page Five ghazals and four nazms covered 10 common mistakes, corrected Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each 23 marks in the four papers: Vector Algebra Integral tables with properties P0–P7 3 methods for differential equations 8 marks: Probability, with Bayes' theorem Patterns the board repeats, by chapter Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each 9 board questions in one place 22 marks: Section B formats 3 lessons: characters and symbols for each Event order for each lesson, with pages 12 common mistakes Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each 20 marks: grammar, 4 × 1 per part Sandhi, samasa, pratyaya from the text Upapada-vibhakti and vachya examples Anvaya and bhavartha answer method Literature intro: epics, prose, champu Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each 34 marks in 4 papers: Magnetism, Ch 4–5 33 marks in 4 papers: Induction and AC 26 marks in 4 papers: Current Electricity Every formula with its page number What each 2025 board paper asked Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each 38 board marks: prose 4–8 37 board marks: poems 1–5 22 marks: खंड ख, with answer frames 17 writers on one timeline 12 common mistakes, corrected Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each 15 marks: grammar from the lessons 6 metres with their gana-sutras 6 figures of speech (अलङ्कार) 20 shlokas of रघुकौत्ससंवादः, upajati metre Literary history in tables, epic to drama Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each, common traps 22 marks across four papers: Wave Optics 22 marks: Dual Nature, with 4-mark cases Common traps that cost marks, listed 13 marks each: Atoms and Nuclei 7 marks in all four papers: Semiconductors Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each 7 exercise, 3 board answers for lesson 1 5-mark answers in about 100 words Three model 5-mark answers Malwa's rivers and rainfall figures 12 common mistakes, corrected Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each Author, genre and summary, lesson by lesson Verse meanings: پرچھائیاں, اپنے گھر کا حال Essay, letter and precis writing Map of the question paper 8 common mistakes Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each, common traps 7 marks each: the other four units 37 of 70 theory marks across 5 units Mixed traps, corrected Seven board sums, worked stepwise Every data table, with page numbers Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each Chekhov, Basheer and Nirmal Verma introduced کلرک کی موت: 1 sneeze, 5 apologies Event order and characters for each story 3 stories compared in one table Method for writing board answers Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each 20 marks: SQL and databases, Unit 3 10 marks: Networks, Unit 2 7 chapters: every output run and checked Stack algorithms and output questions Text, binary and CSV file programs Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each, common traps 7 marks in every paper: Biomolecules 6 marks in each 2025 set: Haloalkanes Common traps that cost marks, listed 4–5-mark question every paper: Alcohols Named reactions, reagents, conditions Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each, common traps 24 of 92 board marks: Bengal School 20 of 92 board marks: Mughal School Common traps that cost marks, listed 17 of 92 board marks: Rajasthani Schools 11 of 92: modern art, mostly 2-markers Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each 30 theory marks, all five units Bhairav, Bageshri, Malkauns in full Jhaptal, Rupak, Dhamar: dugun to chaugun Sangeet Ratnakar and Parijat, by chapter Tuning the tanpura and the sitar Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each, common traps 16 marks: Reproduction, Unit VI 12 marks each: Units VIII and IX 10 marks: Ecology, Unit X 13 chapters, with page numbers Common traps, corrected Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each, common traps 35 of 140 board marks: SQL functions 20 board marks: networks and the web Common traps, corrected 12 board marks: Matplotlib plots Every statement with its exact output Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each 12 exam traps, listed 65 board marks: Admission of a Partner 26 board marks: Dissolution 22 board marks: Retirement/Death Goodwill formulas with the book's figures Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each 40 marks: Unit V, rDNA and genomes 30 marks: Unit VI, culture and bioprocess 10 syllabus chapters: every vector, enzyme PCR, blots and DNA fingerprinting Every number tied to its book page Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each, common traps 15 marks in every 2025 set: share capital 9 marks in every 2025 set: debentures Common traps that cost marks, listed 6-mark cash flow in every paper 5 marks in every 2025 set: ratios Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each Elements of a poem and a story, Unit 1 Feature and article writing, Unit 2 Radio and TV script rules, with marks Steps and types of translation, Unit 3 Levels of editing, Unit 4 Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: most-asked concepts in 2 lines each 8 chapters ranked by what the board asked 31 marks: Organising, a 6-marker every set 30 marks in 4 papers: nature of management 14 principles of Fayol Case cues the board keeps using Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each 16 of 60 board marks: taal comparison 12 of 60 board marks: gharanas 13 thekas, from thah to chaugun 6 marks: history of the tabla, Unit 3 4 biographies, with dates Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each 15 marks each: Units 9–10 and 11–12 4 Ps of marketing, Unit 11 Consumer Protection Act 2019 tiers, appeals Capital structure with EBIT-EPS examples The three financial decisions, every factor Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each 10 marks: National Income Accounting 3 methods for GDP, with identities M1–M4 and credit creation, Ch 3 Every deficit measure of the budget, Ch 5 6 chapters: every formula, board numerical Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each, common traps 12 marks: Unit 6, Ch 1–3 8 marks: Unit 8, India-China-Pakistan Every committee, policy and date, by chapter Data tables with the book's own numbers Common traps, corrected Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each, common traps 23 of 100 marks: Thinkers, Beliefs, Buildings 22 of 100 board marks: Harappa 20 of 100 marks: Kinship, Caste and Class 8-mark answer: Theme 2 in 3 of 4 papers 5 marks: the Part I map list Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each 24 of 100 board marks: Vijayanagara 24 of 100 marks: Mughal village, Theme 8 Q24 from Vijayanagara in every 2025 set 3 of 4 papers: source question on travellers 5 marks: the two map lists Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each 1857 and National Movement map items Constituent Assembly committees table Gandhiji 1915–1931: Champaran to Salt March Permanent Settlement and the Fifth Report Bombay Deccan: ryotwari and the 1875 riots Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each 17 of 120 marks each: industry, services 15 of 120 marks: Primary Activities 14 of 120 marks: Transport 5 marks: world map work HDI, rail and internet data as charts Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each, common traps 20 board marks in 4 papers: Population 14 board marks: Minerals and Energy 13 of the 28 map items asked: minerals 10 marks: Unit III, Ch 3–6 Common traps, corrected Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each, common traps 18 marks: Ch 1–3, data and diagrams 7 marks: GIS, Ch 4 Common traps that cost marks, listed 5 marks: file and viva Mean, median and mode, fully worked Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each, common traps 22 textbook marks: how each is asked 3 stories: 10 marks in the sample paper Common traps that cost marks, listed 9 poems side by side, with devices 5 essays, each argument set out Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: most-asked concepts in 2 lines each 6-marker in 3 of 4 papers: Security 4-marker in all 4 papers: Environment 6-marker in 3 of 4 papers: centres of power 2 papers asked UN cartoons 7 chapters: dates, treaties, leaders Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each 8 marks: Chapter 8, 1989 to 2019 6 marks each: Chapters 1, 4 and 7 State-formation and war timelines Party tables and election results Map clues the board uses Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each, common traps 10 marks for each of the four chapters Demography formulas for Ch 2 Sex-ratio and age tables from the book 10 must-know facts with a self-check Common traps, corrected Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: most-asked concepts in 2 lines each 10 marks each: Units 11, 12 and 15 5 marks each: Units 8 and 9 4 processes of cultural change, in a table Land reforms table, Chapter 4 Types of social movements, in one table Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each 26 board marks each: Ch 1 and Ch 2 22 of 140 board marks: disorders, Ch 4 20 of 140 board marks: therapies, Ch 5 6-mark questions on Freud, RET and Beck IQ bands and twin correlations from the book Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each, common traps 5 poems: Q7 is always one of these 4 writing formats, 18 marks Common traps, corrected 8 prose pieces: events, characters, themes Poetic devices with short quotes Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each, common traps 12 marks: unseen passage Q1, decoded 10 marks: case-based passage Q2, decoded Common traps that cost marks, listed Every character, with evidence and quotes 7 texts: plot timelines for each Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each, common traps 38 of the 70 theory marks: Ch 1–7 10 marks: Unit III, ECCE to elderly Common traps that cost marks, listed 5 marks: Unit I, work and careers 2025 paper and SQP: ranked by what they asked Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each, common traps 17 marks: Unit IV Fabric and Apparel 10 marks: Unit V Resource Management 2025 board questions mapped to each chapter Every consumer right and standard mark Common traps, corrected Page 1 free about 8 min read , Full kit about 55 min read ₹159
Read page 1 free Get the kit Get the kit One payment · instant PDF · ₹159 View details Get alerts for CBSE Class 12 Board Examination
Dates, results and cutoffs, by email when they are announced. Free.
Google, Apple, or a code to your phone or email. It is saved to your account.
This chapter is part of the CBSE Class 12 Board Examination Board Examination Explore every chapter — summary, notes, extra questions & MCQ quizzes Preparing for CBSE Class 12 Board Examination? Students also sit JEE is set on the Class 11 and 12 Physics, Chemistry and Maths syllabus; students prepare for boards and JEE together.
Tests are played signed in — sign in (free, 10 seconds) so your attempts, rank and XP are saved to you #1
The Last Lesson
Start here
#2
Economics (Class 12) Practice Quiz | CBSE Class 12 Board Examination
#3
#4
Challenges of Nation Building
#5
#6
#7
#8
Human Geography: Nature and Scope
#9
Bricks, Beads and Bones — The Harappan Civilisation
#10
#11
#12
#13
#14
#15
#16
#17
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
#18
#19
#20
Journey to the End of the Earth
#21
#22
#23
#24
#25
#26
#27
#28
#29
The Challenges of Cultural Diversity
#30
Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion
#31
Social Institutions: Continuity and Change
#32
The Demographic Structure of the Indian Society
#33
Introducing Indian Society
#34
#35
Security in the Contemporary World
#36
International Trade (India)
#37
Transport and Communication (India)
#38
Tertiary and Quaternary Activities
#39
#40
Kings, Farmers and Towns — Early States and Economies (c. 600 BCE-600 CE)
#41
Theory of Consumer Behaviour
#42
#43
#44
Nature and Significance of Management
#45
Dissolution of Partnership Firm
#46
Accounting for Partnership: Basic Concepts
#47
Three Dimensional Geometry
#48
Continuity and Differentiability
#49
#50
#51
Principles of Inheritance and Variation
#52
#53
#54
#55
#56
#57
Accountancy (Class 12) Practice Quiz | CBSE Class 12 Board Examination
#58
Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Fundamentals | CBSE Class 12 Board Examination
#59
#60
An Elementary School Classroom in a Slum
#61
#62
Social Influence and Group Processes
#63
Attitude and Social Cognition
#64
#65
#66
#67
Variations in Psychological Attributes
#68
#69
Mass Media and Communications
#70
Globalisation and Social Change
#71
Change and Development in Industrial Society
#72
Change and Development in Rural Society
#73
The Constitution and Social Change
#74
The Market as a Social Institution
#75
Recent Developments in Indian Politics
#76
The Crisis of Democratic Order
#77
Challenges to and Restoration of the Congress System
#78
India's External Relations
#79
Politics of Planned Development
#80
Era of One-party Dominance
#81
Environment and Natural Resources
#82
International Organisations
#83
#84
Contemporary Centres of Power
#85
Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems
#86
Planning and Sustainable Development in the Indian Context
#87
Mineral and Energy Resources
#88
#89
Land Resources and Agriculture
#90
#91
Population: Distribution, Density, Growth and Composition
#92
#93
#94
The World Population: Distribution, Density and Growth
#95
Framing the Constitution — The Beginning of a New Era
#96
Mahatma Gandhi and the Nationalist Movement — Civil Disobedience and Beyond
#97
Rebels and the Raj — The Revolt of 1857 and its Representations
#98
Colonialism and the Countryside — Exploring Official Archives
#99
Peasants, Zamindars and the State — Agrarian Society and the Mughal Empire (c. sixteenth-seventeenth centuries)
#100
An Imperial Capital: Vijayanagara (c. fourteenth to sixteenth century)
#101
Bhakti-Sufi Traditions — Changes in Religious Beliefs and Devotional Texts (c. eighth to eighteenth century)
#102
Through the Eyes of Travellers — Perceptions of Society (c. tenth to seventeenth century)
#103
Thinkers, Beliefs and Buildings — Cultural Developments (c. 600 BCE-600 CE)
#104
Kinship, Caste and Class — Early Societies (c. 600 BCE-600 CE)
#105
Open Economy Macroeconomics
#106
Government Budget and the Economy
#107
Determination of Income and Employment
#108
National Income Accounting
#109
#110
The Theory of the Firm under Perfect Competition
#111
#112
#113
#114
#115
#116
#117
#118
#119
#120
#121
#122
Analysis of Financial Statements
#123
Financial Statements of a Company
#124
Issue and Redemption of Debentures
#125
Accounting for Share Capital
#126
Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm – Retirement/Death of a Partner
#127
Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm – Admission of a Partner
#128
#129
#130
#131
#132
#133
#134
Application of Derivatives
#135
Biodiversity and its Conservation
#136
#137
Organisms and Populations
#138
Biotechnology and its Applications
#139
Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
#140
Microbes in Human Welfare
#141
#142
#143
Molecular Basis of Inheritance
#144
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
#145
#146
#147
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
#148
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
#149
Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
#150
#151
The d- and f-Block Elements
#152
#153
Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits
#154
#155
#156
Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
#157
#158
Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
#159
#160
#161
Electromagnetic Induction
#162
#163
Moving Charges and Magnetism
#164
Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance
#165
Electric Charges and Fields
#166
CBSE Class 12 — Genetics and Evolution
#167
CBSE Class 12 — Matrices and Determinants
#168
CBSE Class 12 — Solutions and Colligative Properties
#169
#170
CBSE Class 12 — Electrostatics and Electric Field
#171
Humanities Subjects Practice Quiz | CBSE Class 12 Board Examination
More on CBSE Class 12 Board Examination20 guides How to Score Good Marks in Class 12 CBSE: Marks Map by Stream CBSE Class 12 Pre-Board Marks: Do They Count, and What to Do If Low Complete Summary and Solutions for Database Concepts – NCERT Class XII Computer Science, Chapter 8 – File Systems, DBMS, Relational Models, Keys, SQL Introduction, Questions, Answers Complete Summary and Solutions for Consumer Education and Protection – NCERT Human Ecology and Family Sciences, Chapter 12 – Study Summary, Explanation, Questions, Answers Complete Summary and Solutions for Supplementary Chemistry Material – NCERT Class XII Chemistry Part I Supplementary Resources – Additional Examples, Problems, and Explanations Complete Summary and Solutions for Project Based Learning – NCERT Class XII Computer Science, Chapter 13 – Project Planning, Implementation, Presentation, Documentation, and Evaluation Complete Summary and Solutions for Querying and SQL Functions – NCERT Class XII Informatics Practices, Chapter 1 – Explanation, Questions, Answers अंतरा भाग 2 – कक्षा 12 के लिए हिंदी (ऐच्छिक) की पाठ्यपुस्तक story खंड – पाठ-16 अंतरा भाग 2 – कक्षा 12 के लिए हिंदी (ऐच्छिक) की पाठ्यपुस्तक काव्य खंड – तुलसीदास: (क) भरत-राम का प्रेम, (ख) पद अंतरा भाग 2 – कक्षा 12 के लिए हिंदी (ऐच्छिक) की पाठ्यपुस्तक story खंड – पाठ-17 अंतरा भाग 2 – कक्षा 12 के लिए हिंदी (ऐच्छिक) की पाठ्यपुस्तक काव्य खंड – मलिक मुहम्मद जायसी: बारहमासा अंतरा भाग 2 – कक्षा 12 के लिए हिंदी (ऐच्छिक) की पाठ्यपुस्तक story खंड – पाठ-15 अंतरा भाग 2 – कक्षा 12 के लिए हिंदी (ऐच्छिक) की पाठ्यपुस्तक काव्य खंड – विष्णु खरे: (क) सत्य, (ख) एक कम अंतरा भाग 2 – कक्षा 12 के लिए हिंदी (ऐच्छिक) की पाठ्यपुस्तक story खंड – पाठ-11 अंतरा भाग 2 – कक्षा 12 हिंदी (ऐच्छिक) काव्य खंड – जयशंकर प्रसाद: (क) देवसेना का गीत, (ख) कार्नेलिया का गीत – संपूर्ण सारांश, व्याख्या, प्रश्न और उत्तर अंतरा भाग 2 – कक्षा 12 के लिए हिंदी (ऐच्छिक) की पाठ्यपुस्तक काव्य खंड – विद्यापति: पद अंतरा भाग 2 – कक्षा 12 के लिए हिंदी (ऐच्छिक) पाठ्यपुस्तक story खंड – पाठ-12 अंतरा भाग 2 – कक्षा 12 के लिए हिंदी (ऐच्छिक) की पाठ्यपुस्तक काव्य खंड – सूर्यकांत त्रिपाठी ‘निराला’: (क) गीत गाने दो मुझे, (ख) सरोज-स्मृति अंतरा भाग 2 – कक्षा 12 के लिए हिंदी (ऐच्छिक) की पाठ्यपुस्तक story खंड – पाठ-10 अंतरा भाग 2 – कक्षा 12 के लिए हिंदी (ऐच्छिक) की पाठ्यपुस्तक काव्य खंड – कुकुआन: दोह Notebook backup + AI Save your notes. Revise with AI. Learn more → Share this article
