In Clementsian succession, which statement best describes the facilitation mechanism during primary succession on bare rock?

Early colonists modify the substrate in ways that make establishment of later species more likely.

A nurse shrub in an arid habitat increases seedling establishment of a cactus by lowering soil temperature and reducing evaporative stress beneath its canopy. However, once established, the cactus competes strongly with the shrub for water. Which interpretation is most accurate?

The interaction shifts from facilitation during establishment to competition later.

A newly formed sand dune is first colonized by grasses that trap wind-blown sand and reduce surface movement, allowing shrubs to establish later. This is an example of which process driving succession?

Autogenic change caused by colonists modifying the habitat

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GATE Ecology and Evolution

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