In Clementsian succession, which statement best describes the facilitation mechanism during primary succession on bare rock?

Early colonists modify the substrate in ways that make establishment of later species more likely.

A nurse shrub in an arid habitat increases seedling establishment of a cactus by lowering soil temperature and reducing evaporative stress beneath its canopy. However, once established, the cactus competes strongly with the shrub for water. Which interpretation is most accurate?

The interaction shifts from facilitation during establishment to competition later.

In a rocky intertidal community recovering after disturbance, early barnacle settlers occupy most available space and prevent mussel recruitment until wave action creates gaps. Which prediction follows from the inhibition model?

Mussel recruitment should increase primarily after mortality or removal of early occupants creates open space.

A newly formed sand dune is first colonized by grasses that trap wind-blown sand and reduce surface movement, allowing shrubs to establish later. This is an example of which process driving succession?

Autogenic change caused by colonists modifying the habitat

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GATE Ecology and Evolution Practice Quiz

Covers ecological principles, evolutionary biology, biodiversity, and conservation, aimed at candidates interested in ecological research and environmental sciences.

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4 students have taken GATE Ecology and Evolution practice quizzes across 6 quizzes — with top scores up to 100%. Free, with instant scoring, a live leaderboard and AI analysis.

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Ecological succession mechanisms Fundamentals — Free GATE Ecology and Evolution Quiz

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