Plant Kingdom
Class 11 Biology · Biology · Chapter 3
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Summary
This chapter classifies Kingdom Plantae into algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms, and explains how classification has moved from artificial systems based on a few characters to natural and phylogenetic systems. Algae are simple, chlorophyll-bearing, largely aquatic thalloid autotrophs that reproduce by fragmentation, spores and gametes (isogamous, anisogamous or oogamous); they are divided by pigment and stored food into Chlorophyceae (green), Phaeophyceae (brown) and Rhodophyceae (red). Bryophytes, the amphibians of the plant kingdom, depend on water for sexual reproduction; their dominant plant body is a haploid gametophyte, and they include liverworts and mosses. Pteridophytes are the first plants with true vascular tissue; their dominant phase is the sporophyte, and many are homosporous while some, like Selaginella, are heterosporous, foreshadowing the seed habit. Gymnosperms bear naked seeds not enclosed in an ovary and are heterosporous, with male and female cones and reduced gametophytes retained on the sporophyte. Angiosperms produce flowers, enclose seeds in fruits, and are divided into dicotyledons and monocotyledons. A recurring theme is alternation of generations between haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte phases, whose relative dominance shifts across these groups.
Algae: Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae, RhodophyceaeBryophytes: liverworts and mossesPteridophytes and the seed habitGymnosperms and naked seedsAngiosperms: dicots and monocotsAlternation of generations
Key terms
Algae
Simple, chlorophyll-bearing, thalloid, largely aquatic autotrophic plants.
Bryophytes
Amphibians of the plant kingdom whose dominant plant body is a haploid gametophyte; includes liverworts and mosses.
Pteridophytes
The first vascular plants whose dominant phase is the sporophyte with true roots, stem and leaves.
Gymnosperms
Plants whose ovules and seeds are naked, not enclosed within an ovary wall.
Alternation of generations
The life-cycle pattern in plants where a haploid gametophyte phase alternates with a diploid sporophyte phase.
Heterospory
The production of two kinds of spores, microspores and megaspores, as in Selaginella and gymnosperms.
Extra questions & answers
Try one from this chapter
Algae are classified into three classes on the basis of their: