What went wrong when the king rode under the arch?

It was too low and knocked off his crown

How does the chain of blame unfold in the poem?

Each accused person blames another, ending with the king's own changes

Name the three tissue systems in flowering plants.

The epidermal tissue system, the ground (fundamental) tissue system and the vascular (conducting) tissue system.

What is the stomatal apparatus?

It is the stomatal pore together with the two guard cells that enclose it and the surrounding subsidiary cells, which regulate transpiration and gaseous exchange.

Differentiate between open and closed vascular bundles.

Open vascular bundles have cambium between xylem and phloem and can form secondary tissues (as in dicot stems), while closed bundles lack cambium and cannot (as in monocots).

How can a monocot stem be distinguished from a dicot stem anatomically?

A monocot stem has numerous scattered, closed vascular bundles surrounded by sclerenchymatous sheaths and lacks a distinct cortex-pith differentiation, whereas a dicot stem has a ring of open vascular bundles.

Describe the internal structure of a dorsiventral leaf.

It has an upper and lower epidermis with cuticle and stomata, a mesophyll differentiated into adaxial palisade parenchyma and spongy parenchyma below, and vascular bundles surrounded by bundle sheath cells.

What is the function of the casparian strips?

They are suberin deposits in the endodermis that make its walls water-impermeable, regulating the passage of water and minerals into the stele.

How does an isobilateral leaf differ from a dorsiventral leaf?

In an isobilateral (monocot) leaf stomata occur on both surfaces and the mesophyll is not differentiated into palisade and spongy tissue, unlike the dorsiventral dicot leaf.

Where are xylem bundles fewer and where are they more numerous?

Dicot roots have two to four xylem bundles, while monocot roots usually have more than six (polyarch).

Why is the study of plant anatomy useful?

It reveals the internal organisation of tissues, helps distinguish monocots from dicots, and shows adaptations of plants to diverse environments.

Anatomy of Flowering Plants

Class 11 Biology · Biology · Chapter 6

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CBSE Class 11 · Biology

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CBSE Class 11 · Biology

19 chapters: every table, cycle and pathway

Marks booster + cheatsheet: key concepts in 2 lines each, common traps
18 marks: Unit V, breathing to hormones
15 marks each: Units I and III
Common traps, corrected
Five kingdoms classification table
Physiological numbers, with page numbers

Page 1 free about 8 min read, Full kit about 55 min read

₹159See the full kit

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Summary

This chapter examines the internal structure of angiosperms, organised around three tissue systems and the anatomy of roots, stems and leaves in dicots and monocots. The epidermal tissue system forms the outer covering and includes epidermal cells, stomata (each with two guard cells, dumb-bell-shaped in grasses) and appendages such as root hairs and trichomes. The ground tissue system makes up the bulk of the plant and consists of parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma, occurring as cortex, pericycle, pith, medullary rays and the mesophyll of leaves. The vascular tissue system comprises xylem and phloem forming vascular bundles, which are open (with cambium, as in dicot stems), closed (without cambium, as in monocots), radial (as in roots) or conjoint. The chapter then compares the transverse sections of dicot and monocot roots and stems, noting features such as the casparian strips of the endodermis, the ring of vascular bundles in a dicot stem versus the scattered bundles in a monocot stem, and the polyarch xylem of monocot roots. Leaf anatomy distinguishes the dorsiventral dicot leaf, with palisade and spongy mesophyll, from the isobilateral monocot leaf with bulliform cells. These internal differences also reflect adaptations to the environment.

Epidermal tissue system and stomataGround tissue systemVascular tissue system and bundle typesDicot and monocot root anatomyDicot and monocot stem anatomyDorsiventral and isobilateral leaf anatomy

Key terms

Tissue system

A group of tissues classified by structure and location: epidermal, ground and vascular.

Stomatal apparatus

The stomatal pore together with its two guard cells and surrounding subsidiary cells.

Casparian strips

Bands of water-impermeable suberin on the walls of endodermal cells.

Vascular bundle

A unit of xylem and phloem; open (with cambium), closed (without cambium), radial or conjoint.

Mesophyll

The chloroplast-containing ground tissue of a leaf, differentiated into palisade and spongy parenchyma in dicots.

Bulliform cells

Large empty epidermal cells in grass leaves that help the leaf curl to reduce water loss.

Extra questions & answers

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The three tissue systems of flowering plants are epidermal, vascular and:

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