What went wrong when the king rode under the arch?

It was too low and knocked off his crown

How does the chain of blame unfold in the poem?

Each accused person blames another, ending with the king's own changes

How is a pinnately compound leaf different from a palmately compound leaf?

In a pinnately compound leaf the leaflets are arranged along a common axis (the rachis), as in neem, whereas in a palmately compound leaf the leaflets attach at a common point at the tip of the petiole, as in silk cotton.

Differentiate between racemose and cymose inflorescence.

In racemose inflorescence the main axis continues to grow and flowers are borne laterally in acropetal succession, while in cymose inflorescence the main axis ends in a flower and flowers are borne in basipetal order.

Define actinomorphic and zygomorphic flowers.

An actinomorphic flower can be divided into equal halves by any radial plane (e.g. mustard), while a zygomorphic flower can be divided into similar halves only along one vertical plane (e.g. pea).

What is meant by superior and inferior ovary?

In a hypogynous flower the ovary is superior with other parts below it; in an epigynous flower the thalamus encloses the ovary, making it inferior.

Differentiate between apocarpous and syncarpous gynoecium.

In an apocarpous gynoecium the carpels are free (as in lotus and rose), whereas in a syncarpous gynoecium the carpels are fused (as in mustard and tomato).

Describe the regions of a root.

From the tip upward there is the root cap, the region of meristematic activity, the region of elongation, and the region of maturation that bears root hairs.

What is parthenocarpic fruit?

A fruit formed from the ovary without fertilisation, hence usually seedless.

Name the parts of a typical leaf.

Leaf base, petiole and lamina; the leaf base may bear stipules.

Write two floral features of the family Solanaceae.

Flowers are bisexual and actinomorphic with five united, persistent sepals and five epipetalous stamens; the gynoecium is bicarpellary and syncarpous with axile placentation.

What information does a floral diagram provide?

It shows the number of floral parts, their arrangement in whorls, their cohesion and adhesion, and the position of the mother axis relative to the flower.

Morphology of Flowering Plants

Class 11 Biology · Biology · Chapter 5

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Summary

This chapter describes the external form of angiosperms and the standard terms used to describe them. The root system may be a tap root (typical of dicots), a fibrous root system (typical of monocots) or adventitious roots, and the root shows regions of meristematic activity, elongation and maturation, with root hairs absorbing water and minerals. The stem bears nodes and internodes and conducts materials while supporting branches, leaves, flowers and fruits. Leaves arise at nodes and may be simple or compound, with venation reticulate (dicots) or parallel (monocots), and arranged by various patterns of phyllotaxy. The chapter then turns to reproductive morphology: the inflorescence (racemose or cymose) and the flower, the reproductive unit with four whorls, calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium, described by symmetry, position of the ovary (hypogynous, perigynous, epigynous), aestivation and placentation. After fertilisation the ovary becomes the fruit and ovules become seeds, whose dicot and monocot structures differ. Finally the chapter shows how a flowering plant is described semi-technically using floral diagrams and floral formulae, illustrated by the family Solanaceae.

Root systems and regions of the rootStem and leaf morphologyVenation and phyllotaxyInflorescence and the flowerAestivation, placentation and floral whorlsFruit, seed and semi-technical description

Key terms

Tap root system

The root system formed by the primary root and its branches, typical of most dicotyledonous plants.

Venation

The arrangement of veins and veinlets in a leaf lamina, reticulate in dicots and parallel in monocots.

Phyllotaxy

The pattern of arrangement of leaves on the stem: alternate, opposite or whorled.

Inflorescence

The arrangement of flowers on the floral axis, of racemose or cymose type.

Aestivation

The mode of arrangement of sepals or petals in a floral bud: valvate, twisted, imbricate or vexillary.

Placentation

The arrangement of ovules within the ovary: marginal, axile, parietal, basal, central or free central.

Extra questions & answers

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A fibrous root system is typically found in:

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