Plant Growth and Development
Class 11 Biology · Biology · Chapter 13
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Summary
This chapter deals with growth, differentiation and development in plants and the regulators that control them. Growth is an irreversible, permanent increase in size, measurable as increase in length, area, volume, weight or cell number. Plant growth is generally indeterminate and open because meristems retain the capacity to divide, giving primary growth from apical meristems and secondary growth from lateral meristems. Growth passes through meristematic, elongation and maturation phases, and its rate may be arithmetic (a linear curve) or geometric (an S-shaped sigmoid curve with lag, log and stationary phases). Differentiation is the maturation of meristematic cells into specialised cells; differentiated cells can dedifferentiate to regain division and then redifferentiate. Because differentiation and growth are open, development is flexible, and plants show plasticity such as heterophylly. Development, the sum of growth and differentiation, is controlled by intrinsic factors including plant growth regulators (PGRs) and extrinsic factors such as light and temperature. The five main PGRs are auxins (apical dominance, rooting, herbicides), gibberellins (stem elongation, bolting), cytokinins (cell division, delaying senescence), ethylene (fruit ripening, abscission) and abscisic acid (the stress hormone, inducing dormancy and stomatal closure). PGRs may act synergistically or antagonistically in events such as dormancy, senescence and abscission.
Growth, its measurement and phasesArithmetic and geometric growth ratesDifferentiation, dedifferentiation, redifferentiationDevelopment and plasticityPlant growth regulators and their discoveryPhysiological effects of the five PGRs
Key terms
Growth
An irreversible, permanent increase in the size of an organ, its parts or a cell.
Differentiation
The maturation of cells derived from meristems into cells that perform specific functions.
Dedifferentiation
The regaining of the capacity to divide by living differentiated cells, as in cork cambium formation.
Plasticity
The ability of plants to follow different developmental pathways in response to environment or age, as in heterophylly.
Plant growth regulator
A small simple molecule (auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene or abscisic acid) that controls growth and development.
Apical dominance
The inhibition of growth of lateral buds by the growing apical bud, controlled by auxin.
Extra questions & answers
Try one from this chapter
Growth is best defined as a(n):