Photosynthesis in Higher Plants
Class 11 Biology · Biology · Chapter 11
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Summary
This chapter explains how green plants synthesise food using light energy and why photosynthesis is the basis of life and of atmospheric oxygen. Early experiments by Priestley, Ingenhousz, Sachs, Engelmann and van Niel established that plants use light, chlorophyll and carbon dioxide, that oxygen is released only by green parts, and that the released oxygen comes from water. Photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts: the thylakoid membranes carry out the light reaction and the stroma carries out the carbon-fixing reactions. Four pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, xanthophylls and carotenoids) absorb light, with chlorophyll a the chief pigment. In the light reaction, pigments organised into Photosystem II (P680) and Photosystem I (P700) drive electron transport along the Z scheme, splitting water to release oxygen and producing ATP and NADPH; ATP is made by chemiosmosis across the thylakoid membrane. In the biosynthetic phase the Calvin cycle fixes carbon dioxide using the enzyme RuBisCO through carboxylation, reduction and regeneration, requiring 18 ATP and 12 NADPH per glucose. C4 plants with Kranz anatomy use the Hatch and Slack pathway to concentrate carbon dioxide and avoid photorespiration, a wasteful oxygenation of RuBP that occurs in C3 plants. The rate of photosynthesis is governed by light, carbon dioxide, temperature and water, following Blackman's law of limiting factors.
Early experiments on photosynthesisSite of photosynthesis and pigmentsLight reaction, photosystems and the Z schemeChemiosmosis and ATP synthesisThe Calvin cycle and the C4 pathwayPhotorespiration and limiting factors
Key terms
Photosynthesis
The physico-chemical process by which green plants use light energy to synthesise organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water.
Photosystem
A light-harvesting complex of pigments with a reaction-centre chlorophyll a (P700 in PS I, P680 in PS II).
Z scheme
The path of electrons from PS II through the electron transport chain to PS I and finally to NADP+, shaped like a Z on a redox scale.
Calvin cycle
The C3 carbon-fixation pathway of carboxylation, reduction and regeneration that synthesises sugar in the stroma.
RuBisCO
Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase, the enzyme that fixes carbon dioxide and can also carry out oxygenation.
Photorespiration
The wasteful oxygenation of RuBP in C3 plants that consumes ATP and releases carbon dioxide without producing sugar.
Extra questions & answers
Try one from this chapter
The oxygen released during photosynthesis comes from: