Locomotion and Movement
Class 11 Biology · Biology · Chapter 17
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Summary
This chapter studies the types of movement in the human body and the muscular and skeletal systems that make locomotion possible. Cells show amoeboid, ciliary and muscular movements; locomotion is a voluntary movement that changes the location of the animal. Muscle is a tissue of mesodermal origin with the properties of excitability, contractility, extensibility and elasticity, classified by location into skeletal (striated, voluntary), visceral (smooth, involuntary) and cardiac muscle. A skeletal muscle is made of bundles of muscle fibres, each containing myofibrils with sarcomeres, the functional units bounded by Z lines and made of thin actin and thick myosin filaments. According to the sliding filament theory, contraction occurs when the thin filaments slide over the thick filaments: a nerve signal releases calcium, which exposes binding sites so that myosin heads form cross bridges and pull the actin filaments inward, shortening the sarcomere. Muscles may be red (aerobic, with myoglobin) or white (anaerobic). The skeletal system has 206 bones grouped into the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum) and the appendicular skeleton (limb bones and girdles). Joints, the points of contact between bones, are fibrous, cartilaginous or synovial, the last allowing free movement. Disorders include myasthenia gravis, muscular dystrophy, tetany, arthritis, osteoporosis and gout.
Types of movement and locomotionTypes and structure of muscleContractile proteins and the sarcomereSliding filament theory of contractionAxial and appendicular skeletonJoints and skeletal-muscular disorders
Key terms
Locomotion
A voluntary movement that causes an animal to change its place or location.
Sarcomere
The functional unit of contraction in a myofibril, the part between two successive Z lines.
Sliding filament theory
The theory that muscle contraction occurs by the sliding of thin actin filaments over thick myosin filaments.
Axial skeleton
The 80 bones along the main axis of the body: skull, vertebral column, sternum and ribs.
Appendicular skeleton
The bones of the limbs and the pectoral and pelvic girdles.
Synovial joint
A freely movable joint with a fluid-filled synovial cavity between the articulating bones.
Extra questions & answers
Try one from this chapter
A voluntary movement that causes an animal to change its place is called: