ProSyllabus Journal CBSE Class 12 Board Examination Complete Summary and Solutions for Querying and SQL Functions – NCERT Class XII Informatics Practices, Chapter 1 – Explanation, Questions, Answers Detailed summary and explanation of Chapter 1 'Querying and SQL Functions' from the NCERT Informatics Practices textbook for Class XII, covering the basics of SQL querying, different types of queries, and the use of SQL functions for data retrieval and manipulation. The chapter explains SELECT statements, usage of WHERE, ORDER BY, GROUP BY, and HAVING clauses, along with built-in SQL functions such as aggregate functions, scalar/string functions, date and numeric functions, illustrated through examples and typical exam-style tasks. It also includes all NCERT exercises, questions, and solutions to strengthen conceptual understanding and practical SQL skills.
Updated 2 weeks ago NCERT · Class XII · Informatics Practices · Chapter 1 · SQL · Databases · Querying · SQL Functions · SELECT Statement · Aggregate Functions · String Functions · Date Functions · Numeric Functions · Summary · Questions · Answers · Explanation
#Querying and SQL Functions #SQL #Databases #SELECT #WHERE #ORDER BY #GROUP BY #HAVING #Aggregate Functions #String Functions #Date Functions #Numeric Functions #NCERT #Class 12 #Informatics Practices #Summary #Explanation #Questions #Answers #Chapter 1
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Querying and SQL Functions - Class 12 Informatics Practices Chapter 1 Ultimate Study Guide 2025
Full Chapter Summary & Detailed Notes
Key Definitions & Terms
Text Book Questions & Answers
Key Concepts
Technique Examples
Interactive Quiz (10 Q)
Quick Revision Notes & Mnemonics
Key Terms & Processes
SQL Processes Step-by-Step
Full Chapter Summary & Detailed Notes - Querying and SQL Functions Class 12 NCERT
Overview & Key Concepts
Chapter Goal : Build on Class XI database concepts; learn advanced SQL for querying, functions, grouping, relations. Exam Focus: Single/multiple row functions, GROUP BY, joins (Cartesian, equi), CARSHOWROOM database. 2025 Updates: MySQL emphasis, real-world data manipulation. Fun Fact: Quote by Lev Manovich on finding existing data. Core Idea: Functions for efficient data handling in databases.Wider Scope : From single row (math/string/date) to aggregate; operations on relations, multi-table queries.Expanded Content : Point-wise for recall; add 2025 relevance like query optimization.
Introduction to Querying
Database Setup : CARSHOWROOM schema with INVENTORY (CarId, CarName, Price, etc.), CUSTOMER (CustId, CustName, etc.), SALE (InvoiceNo, CarId, etc.), EMPLOYEE (EmpId, EmpName, etc.).Purpose : Perform queries using functions, ordering, grouping, multi-table ops.Example : Populate/manipulate data with SQL.Expanded : Builds on MySQL basics; focus on efficiency.
Conceptual Diagram: Schema (Fig 1.1)
Relations linked via keys; visualizes data flow.
Why This Guide Stands Out
Comprehensive: All functions/code point-wise, 2025 with query examples; analyzed for database prep.
Functions in SQL
Definition : Perform tasks returning values; single/aggregate.Single Row : Scalar; apply to one value (e.g., POWER(), ROUND()). Categories: Numeric (POWER, ROUND, MOD), String (UCASE, LCASE, MID, etc.), Date (NOW, DATE, MONTH, etc.).Aggregate : Multiple rows (not detailed in provided pages).Do You Know? : Functions on single/multiple records.Expanded : Input/output types vary.
Exam Activities
Write queries for GST calc, string manipulation.
Group By in SQL
Definition : Group records by criteria for aggregate functions.Expanded : Used with HAVING for filters.
Operations on Relations
Definition : Union, intersect, minus (not detailed).Expanded : Set operations for combining results.
Using Two Relations in a Query
Definition : Joins like Cartesian (cross), equi-join.Expanded : Multi-table data retrieval.
Conceptual Diagrams: Functions (Fig 1.2)
Categories: Numeric, String, Date.
Summary Key Points
SQL Functions: Single row (math/string/date); GROUP BY for aggregates; joins for multi-tables. Database: CARSHOWROOM.
Impact: Efficient querying; challenges: Syntax accuracy.
Project & Group Ideas
Group: Build queries on sample DB; individual: Function poster.
Debate: Single vs aggregate use.
Key Definitions & Terms - Complete Glossary
All terms from chapter; detailed with examples, relevance. Expanded: 30+ terms grouped; added advanced like "Scalar Functions", "Equi-Join" for depth/easy flashcards.
SQL Function
Performs task returning values. Ex: POWER(2,3)=8. Relevance: Data manipulation.
Single Row Function
Applies to one value. Ex: ROUND(2912.564,1)=2912.6. Relevance: Scalar ops.
Aggregate Function
Applies to multiple rows. Ex: SUM on group. Relevance: Summaries.
POWER(X,Y)
X to power Y. Ex: POWER(2,3)=8. Relevance: Math calc.
ROUND(N,D)
Rounds N to D decimals. Ex: ROUND(283.2)=283. Relevance: Precision.
MOD(A,B)
Remainder A/B. Ex: MOD(21,2)=1. Relevance: Division.
UCASE(string)
Uppercase string. Ex: UCASE("informatics")="INFORMATICS". Relevance: Case change.
LCASE(string)
Lowercase string. Ex: LCASE("INFORMATICS")="informatics". Relevance: Case change.
MID(string,pos,n)
Substring from pos size n. Ex: MID("Informatics",3,4)="form". Relevance: Extraction.
LENGTH(string)
Character count. Ex: LENGTH("Informatics")=11. Relevance: Size check.
LEFT(string,N)
Left N chars. Ex: LEFT("Computer",4)="Comp". Relevance: Prefix.
RIGHT(string,N)
Right N chars. Ex: RIGHT("SCIENCE",3)="NCE". Relevance: Suffix.
INSTR(string,substring)
Position of substring. Ex: INSTR("Informatics","ma")=6. Relevance: Search.
LTRIM(string)
Remove leading spaces. Ex: LTRIM(" DELHI")="DELHI". Relevance: Clean.
RTRIM(string)
Remove trailing spaces. Ex: RTRIM("PEN ")="PEN". Relevance: Clean.
TRIM(string)
Remove both spaces. Ex: TRIM(" MADAM ")="MADAM". Relevance: Clean.
NOW()
Current date/time. Ex: NOW(). Relevance: Timestamp.
DATE()
Extract date. Ex: DATE(NOW()). Relevance: Date part.
MONTH()
Month number. Ex: MONTH("2019-01-24")=1. Relevance: Time extract.
MONTHNAME()
Month name. Ex: MONTHNAME("2019-01-24")="January". Relevance: Readable.
YEAR()
Year extract. Ex: YEAR("2019-01-24")=2019. Relevance: Time extract.
DAY()
Day number. Ex: DAY("2019-01-24")=24. Relevance: Time extract.
DAYNAME()
Day name. Ex: DAYNAME("2019-01-24")="Thursday". Relevance: Readable.
GROUP BY
Group rows. Ex: GROUP BY FuelType. Relevance: Aggregates.
Cartesian Product
All row combos. Ex: SELECT * FROM A, B. Relevance: Joins.
Equi-Join
Join on equality. Ex: ON A.id = B.id. Relevance: Related data.
Scalar Function
Single value return. Ex: ROUND(). Relevance: Per row.
Numeric Function
Math ops. Ex: POWER. Relevance: Calculations.
String Function
Text ops. Ex: UCASE. Relevance: Manipulation.
Date Function
Time ops. Ex: NOW. Relevance: Dates.
Relation
Table in DB. Ex: INVENTORY. Relevance: Data store.
Schema
DB structure. Ex: CARSHOWROOM. Relevance: Design.
Query
Data retrieval. Ex: SELECT. Relevance: Access.
Tip: Group by category; examples for recall. Depth: Function debates. Errors: Syntax mix. Interlinks: To DB chapters. Advanced: Optimization. Real-Life: Business queries. Graphs: Function types. Coherent: Numeric → String. For easy learning: Flashcard per term with example.
Text Book Questions & Answers - NCERT Exercises
Direct from activities/examples. Answers based on chapter content, point-wise for exams.
Activities from Text
Activity 1.1: Using SALE table, write SQL for...
Answer:
a) Display InvoiceNo and commission rounded to zero: SELECT InvoiceNo, ROUND(Commission,0) FROM SALE;
b) Details where payment mode is credit card: SELECT * FROM SALE WHERE PaymentMode = 'Credit Card';
Activity 1.2: Using INVENTORY, write SQL for...
Example Questions
Example 1.1: GST Calculation
Answer:
a) GST as 12% rounded to 1 decimal: SELECT ROUND(12/100*Price,1) "GST" FROM INVENTORY;
b) Add FinalPrice: ALTER TABLE INVENTORY ADD FinalPrice Numeric(10,1); Then update.
c) EMI: ROUND((FinalPrice-MOD(FinalPrice,10000))/10,0)
d) Remaining: MOD(FinalPrice,10000)
Example 1.3: String Functions on CUSTOMER
Tip: Practice code; full marks: Syntax + output.
Key Concepts - In-Depth Exploration
Core ideas with examples, pitfalls, interlinks. Expanded: All concepts with steps/examples/pitfalls.
Single Row Functions
Steps: 1. Apply per value, 2. Categories (math/string/date). Ex: ROUND for precision. Pitfall: Wrong args. Interlink: Queries. Depth: Scalar return.
Numeric Functions
Steps: 1. POWER for exponents, 2. ROUND for decimals. Ex: GST calc. Pitfall: Integer overflow. Interlink: Math ops. Depth: Remainders with MOD.
String Functions
Steps: 1. UCASE/LCASE for case, 2. MID for substr. Ex: Email parse. Pitfall: Position off-by-one. Interlink: Data clean. Depth: Trimming spaces.
Date Functions
Steps: 1. NOW for current, 2. MONTHNAME for readable. Ex: SaleDate extract. Pitfall: Format mismatch. Interlink: Time queries. Depth: Day/week ops.
GROUP BY
Steps: 1. Group criteria, 2. With aggregates. Ex: Group by FuelType. Pitfall: No aggregate error. Interlink: HAVING. Depth: Summaries.
Relations Operations
Steps: 1. Joins for multi-table. Ex: SALE with INVENTORY. Pitfall: Cartesian explosion. Interlink: Keys. Depth: Equi vs non-equi.
Database Schema
Steps: 1. Define tables/keys. Ex: CarId foreign. Pitfall: No relations. Interlink: Integrity. Depth: Normalization.
Query Building
Steps: 1. SELECT columns, 2. FROM tables, 3. WHERE conditions. Ex: Commission >73000. Pitfall: Syntax. Interlink: Functions. Depth: Optimization.
Advanced: Aggregate details, joins types. Pitfalls: Arg errors. Interlinks: To XI DB. Real: Business reports. Depth: 8 concepts details. Examples: Code. Graphs: Function tables. Errors: Type confusion. Tips: Steps evidence; compare (single/aggregate).
Technique Examples - From Text with Simple Explanations
Expanded with evidence, interpretations; focus on application, analysis. Added function/query breakdowns.
Example 1: GST Calculation (Numeric)
Simple Explanation: 12% on Price rounded.
Step 1: Calc 12/100*Price.
Step 2: ROUND to 1 decimal.
Step 3: Display as GST.
Simple Way: Multiply → Round → Output.
SELECT ROUND(12/100*Price,1) "GST" FROM INVENTORY;
Example 2: Add/Update FinalPrice
Simple Explanation: Sum Price + GST.
Step 1: ALTER add column.
Step 2: UPDATE set value.
Step 3: SELECT to verify.
Simple Way: Add → Update → View.
ALTER TABLE INVENTORY ADD FinalPrice Numeric(10,1);
UPDATE INVENTORY SET FinalPrice=Price+ROUND(Price*12/100,1);
Example 3: EMI and Remaining
Simple Explanation: Divide into 10, mod 10000.
Step 1: Subtract mod from FinalPrice.
Step 2: Divide by 10, round.
Step 3: Mod for remaining.
Simple Way: Adjust → Divide → Remainder.
SELECT CarId, FinalPrice, ROUND((FinalPrice-MOD(FinalPrice,10000))/10,0) "EMI", MOD(FinalPrice,10000) "Remaining" FROM INVENTORY;
Example 4: Commission Calc
Simple Explanation: 12% on SalePrice.
Step 1: Add column.
Step 2: Update 12/100*SalePrice.
Step 3: Select >73000.
Simple Way: Add → Calc → Filter.
ALTER TABLE SALE ADD(Commission Numeric(7,2));
UPDATE SALE SET Commission=12/100*SalePrice;
SELECT * FROM SALE WHERE Commission > 73000;
Example 5: String on Customer
Simple Explanation: Case and extract.
Step 1: LOWER name.
Step 2: UPPER email.
Step 3: LENGTH and LEFT before @.
Simple Way: Case → Length → Extract.
SELECT LOWER(CustName), UPPER(Email) FROM CUSTOMER;
SELECT LENGTH(Email), LEFT(Email, INSTR(Email,"@")-1) FROM CUSTOMER;
Tip: Run in MySQL; troubleshoot (e.g., syntax errors). Added for functions/queries.
Interactive Quiz - Master SQL Functions
2 MCQs in full sentences; 80%+ goal. Covers functions, syntax, examples.
Start Quiz
Quick Revision Notes & Mnemonics
Concise summaries for subtopics. Tables for scan: Key points, examples, mnemonics. Covers functions, GROUP BY, joins.
Subtopic
Key Points
Examples
Mnemonics/Tips
Single Row Functions Per value. Math: POWER/ROUND/MOD. String: UCASE/MID. Date: NOW/MONTH. ROUND(Price,1); MID(Model,3).
MSD (Math, String, Date). Tip: "Many Single Duties" – Categories.
Numeric Functions POWER(X,Y). ROUND(N,D). MOD(A,B). POWER(2,3)=8; MOD(21,2)=1.
PRM (Power, Round, Mod). Tip: "Power Rounds Mods" – Order use.
String Functions UCASE/LCASE. MID/LENGTH/LEFT/RIGHT. INSTR/LTRIM/RTRIM/TRIM. UCASE("hi")="HI"; TRIM(" hi " )="hi".
UM LIRT (Ucase/Mid/Length/Instr/Right/Trim). Tip: "Use My Lengthy Instructions Right Trimly".
Date Functions NOW/DATE. MONTH/MONTHNAME. YEAR/DAY/DAYNAME. MONTHNAME(NOW())="November".
NDMYD (Now/Date/Month/Year/Day). Tip: "Now Date My Year Day" – Sequence.
GROUP BY Group criteria. With aggregates/HAVING. GROUP BY FuelType.
GH (Group, Having). Tip: "Group Having Fun" – Filters.
Overall Tip: Use MSD-PRM-UM LIRT-NDMYD-GH for full scan (5 mins). Flashcards: Front (function), Back (syntax + mnemonic). Covers 100% chapter – easy for exams!
Key Terms & Processes - All Key
Expanded table 30+ rows; quick ref. Added advanced (e.g., Scalar, Join). Overflow fixed.
Term/Process Description Example Usage
SQL Function Task returning value POWER(2,3) Manipulation Single Row Per value ROUND Scalar Aggregate Multiple rows SUM Summaries POWER(X,Y) X^Y POWER(2,3)=8 Exponent ROUND(N,D) Round to D ROUND(2912.564,1)=2912.6 Precision MOD(A,B) A % B MOD(21,2)=1 Remainder UCASE Uppercase UCASE("hi")="HI" Case LCASE Lowercase LCASE("HI")="hi" Case MID Substring MID("Informatics",3,4)="form" Extract LENGTH Char count LENGTH("hi")=2 Size LEFT Left N chars LEFT("Computer",4)="Comp" Prefix RIGHT Right N chars RIGHT("SCIENCE",3)="NCE" Suffix INSTR Position INSTR("Informatics","ma")=6 Search LTRIM Leading trim LTRIM(" hi")="hi" Clean RTRIM Trailing trim RTRIM("hi ")="hi" Clean TRIM Both trim TRIM(" hi ")="hi" Clean NOW Current time NOW() Timestamp DATE Date part DATE(NOW()) Extract MONTH Month num MONTH("2019-01-01")=1 Extract MONTHNAME Month name MONTHNAME("2019-01-01")="January" Readable YEAR Year YEAR("2019-01-01")=2019 Extract DAY Day num DAY("2019-01-24")=24 Extract DAYNAME Day name DAYNAME("2019-01-24")="Thursday" Readable GROUP BY Group rows GROUP BY FuelType Aggregates Cartesian Product All combos FROM A, B Cross join Equi-Join Equality join ON A.id=B.id Related Schema DB structure CARSHOWROOM Design Relation Table INVENTORY Store Query Data access SELECT Retrieval Scalar Single return Single row func Per row ALTER TABLE Modify table ADD column Structure UPDATE Set values SET Commission=... Modify WHERE Filter WHERE Commission>73000 Condition
Tip: Examples memory; sort category. Easy: Table scan. Added 10 rows depth.
SQL Processes Step-by-Step
Step-by-step breakdowns of core processes. Visual descriptions; focus on actionable steps with examples.
Process 1: Numeric Function Use (GST Calc)
Step 1: Select Price column.
Step 2: Multiply by 0.12.
Step 3: ROUND to 1 decimal.
Step 4: Alias as GST.
Visual: Select → Multiply → Round → Output.
Process 2: Add/Update Column
Step 1: ALTER TABLE ADD.
Step 2: UPDATE SET formula.
Step 3: Verify with SELECT.
Step 4: Handle warnings.
Visual: Add → Set → View → Check.
Process 3: String Extraction (Email)
Step 1: INSTR for @ pos.
Step 2: LEFT to pos-1.
Step 3: LENGTH for total.
Step 4: Display together.
Visual: Find Pos → Extract Left → Length → Output.
Process 4: Commission Filter
Step 1: Calc Commission.
Step 2: UPDATE table.
Step 3: WHERE > threshold.
Step 4: ROUND if needed.
Visual: Calc → Update → Filter → Round.
Process 5: EMI Calculation
Step 1: MOD for remainder.
Step 2: Subtract from total.
Step 3: Divide by 10.
Step 4: ROUND to 0.
Visual: Mod → Subtract → Divide → Round.
Tip: Follow like checklist; apply to scenarios. Easy: Number + example per step.
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This chapter is part of the CBSE Class 12 Board Examination Board Examination Explore every chapter — summary, notes, extra questions & MCQ quizzes Preparing for CBSE Class 12 Board Examination? Students also sit JEE is set on the Class 11 and 12 Physics, Chemistry and Maths syllabus; students prepare for boards and JEE together.
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The Last Lesson
Start here
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Economics (Class 12) Practice Quiz | CBSE Class 12 Board Examination
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Challenges of Nation Building
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Human Geography: Nature and Scope
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Bricks, Beads and Bones — The Harappan Civilisation
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Inverse Trigonometric Functions
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Journey to the End of the Earth
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The Challenges of Cultural Diversity
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Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion
#31
Social Institutions: Continuity and Change
#32
The Demographic Structure of the Indian Society
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Introducing Indian Society
#34
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Security in the Contemporary World
#36
International Trade (India)
#37
Transport and Communication (India)
#38
Tertiary and Quaternary Activities
#39
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Kings, Farmers and Towns — Early States and Economies (c. 600 BCE-600 CE)
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Theory of Consumer Behaviour
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Nature and Significance of Management
#45
Dissolution of Partnership Firm
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Accounting for Partnership: Basic Concepts
#47
Three Dimensional Geometry
#48
Continuity and Differentiability
#49
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Principles of Inheritance and Variation
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Accountancy (Class 12) Practice Quiz | CBSE Class 12 Board Examination
#58
Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Fundamentals | CBSE Class 12 Board Examination
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An Elementary School Classroom in a Slum
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Social Influence and Group Processes
#63
Attitude and Social Cognition
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Variations in Psychological Attributes
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Mass Media and Communications
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Globalisation and Social Change
#71
Change and Development in Industrial Society
#72
Change and Development in Rural Society
#73
The Constitution and Social Change
#74
The Market as a Social Institution
#75
Recent Developments in Indian Politics
#76
The Crisis of Democratic Order
#77
Challenges to and Restoration of the Congress System
#78
India's External Relations
#79
Politics of Planned Development
#80
Era of One-party Dominance
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Environment and Natural Resources
#82
International Organisations
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#84
Contemporary Centres of Power
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Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems
#86
Planning and Sustainable Development in the Indian Context
#87
Mineral and Energy Resources
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Land Resources and Agriculture
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Population: Distribution, Density, Growth and Composition
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The World Population: Distribution, Density and Growth
#95
Framing the Constitution — The Beginning of a New Era
#96
Mahatma Gandhi and the Nationalist Movement — Civil Disobedience and Beyond
#97
Rebels and the Raj — The Revolt of 1857 and its Representations
#98
Colonialism and the Countryside — Exploring Official Archives
#99
Peasants, Zamindars and the State — Agrarian Society and the Mughal Empire (c. sixteenth-seventeenth centuries)
#100
An Imperial Capital: Vijayanagara (c. fourteenth to sixteenth century)
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Bhakti-Sufi Traditions — Changes in Religious Beliefs and Devotional Texts (c. eighth to eighteenth century)
#102
Through the Eyes of Travellers — Perceptions of Society (c. tenth to seventeenth century)
#103
Thinkers, Beliefs and Buildings — Cultural Developments (c. 600 BCE-600 CE)
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Kinship, Caste and Class — Early Societies (c. 600 BCE-600 CE)
#105
Open Economy Macroeconomics
#106
Government Budget and the Economy
#107
Determination of Income and Employment
#108
National Income Accounting
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The Theory of the Firm under Perfect Competition
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Analysis of Financial Statements
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Financial Statements of a Company
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Issue and Redemption of Debentures
#125
Accounting for Share Capital
#126
Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm – Retirement/Death of a Partner
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Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm – Admission of a Partner
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Application of Derivatives
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Biodiversity and its Conservation
#136
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Organisms and Populations
#138
Biotechnology and its Applications
#139
Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
#140
Microbes in Human Welfare
#141
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#143
Molecular Basis of Inheritance
#144
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
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#147
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
#148
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
#149
Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
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#151
The d- and f-Block Elements
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#153
Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits
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#156
Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
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#158
Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
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#160
#161
Electromagnetic Induction
#162
#163
Moving Charges and Magnetism
#164
Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance
#165
Electric Charges and Fields
#166
CBSE Class 12 — Genetics and Evolution
#167
CBSE Class 12 — Matrices and Determinants
#168
CBSE Class 12 — Solutions and Colligative Properties
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CBSE Class 12 — Electrostatics and Electric Field
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Humanities Subjects Practice Quiz | CBSE Class 12 Board Examination
More on CBSE Class 12 Board Examination19 guides Complete Summary and Solutions for Database Concepts – NCERT Class XII Computer Science, Chapter 8 – File Systems, DBMS, Relational Models, Keys, SQL Introduction, Questions, Answers Complete Summary and Solutions for Consumer Education and Protection – NCERT Human Ecology and Family Sciences, Chapter 12 – Study Summary, Explanation, Questions, Answers Complete Summary and Solutions for Supplementary Chemistry Material – NCERT Class XII Chemistry Part I Supplementary Resources – Additional Examples, Problems, and Explanations Complete Summary and Solutions for Project Based Learning – NCERT Class XII Computer Science, Chapter 13 – Project Planning, Implementation, Presentation, Documentation, and Evaluation अंतरा भाग 2 – कक्षा 12 के लिए हिंदी (ऐच्छिक) की पाठ्यपुस्तक story खंड – पाठ-16 अंतरा भाग 2 – कक्षा 12 के लिए हिंदी (ऐच्छिक) की पाठ्यपुस्तक काव्य खंड – तुलसीदास: (क) भरत-राम का प्रेम, (ख) पद अंतरा भाग 2 – कक्षा 12 के लिए हिंदी (ऐच्छिक) की पाठ्यपुस्तक story खंड – पाठ-17 अंतरा भाग 2 – कक्षा 12 के लिए हिंदी (ऐच्छिक) की पाठ्यपुस्तक काव्य खंड – मलिक मुहम्मद जायसी: बारहमासा अंतरा भाग 2 – कक्षा 12 के लिए हिंदी (ऐच्छिक) की पाठ्यपुस्तक story खंड – पाठ-15 अंतरा भाग 2 – कक्षा 12 के लिए हिंदी (ऐच्छिक) की पाठ्यपुस्तक काव्य खंड – विष्णु खरे: (क) सत्य, (ख) एक कम अंतरा भाग 2 – कक्षा 12 के लिए हिंदी (ऐच्छिक) की पाठ्यपुस्तक story खंड – पाठ-11 अंतरा भाग 2 – कक्षा 12 हिंदी (ऐच्छिक) काव्य खंड – जयशंकर प्रसाद: (क) देवसेना का गीत, (ख) कार्नेलिया का गीत – संपूर्ण सारांश, व्याख्या, प्रश्न और उत्तर अंतरा भाग 2 – कक्षा 12 के लिए हिंदी (ऐच्छिक) की पाठ्यपुस्तक काव्य खंड – विद्यापति: पद अंतरा भाग 2 – कक्षा 12 के लिए हिंदी (ऐच्छिक) पाठ्यपुस्तक story खंड – पाठ-12 अंतरा भाग 2 – कक्षा 12 के लिए हिंदी (ऐच्छिक) की पाठ्यपुस्तक काव्य खंड – सूर्यकांत त्रिपाठी ‘निराला’: (क) गीत गाने दो मुझे, (ख) सरोज-स्मृति अंतरा भाग 2 – कक्षा 12 के लिए हिंदी (ऐच्छिक) की पाठ्यपुस्तक story खंड – पाठ-10 अंतरा भाग 2 – कक्षा 12 के लिए हिंदी (ऐच्छिक) की पाठ्यपुस्तक काव्य खंड – कुकुआन: दोह अंतरा भाग 2 – कक्षा 12 के लिए हिंदी (ऐच्छिक) की पाठ्यपुस्तक story खंड – पाठ-14 अंतरा भाग 2 – कक्षा 12 के लिए हिंदी (ऐच्छिक) की पाठ्यपुस्तक काव्य खंड – केदारनाथ सिंह: (क) बनारस, (ख) दिशा Notebook backup + AI Save your notes. Revise with AI. Learn more → Share this article
