This chapter introduces statistical thinking — making sense of the world through data. A statistical statement is a claim summarising a phenomenon in numbers, proportions, probabilities or predictions ("David spends about 7 hours daily in school"), while a statistical question is one that needs data to answer ("How tall are Grade 7 students in our school?"), because we expect the answers to vary. You learn to collect data, organise it, and represent it visually so patterns become clear. The chapter develops ways to summarise and compare data sets and to read graphs and tables critically, distinguishing what the data actually shows from what it does not. A key idea is variability — not everyone is the same height or takes the same time — and how a single summary value or a chart can communicate the overall picture. By connecting scattered data points into a meaningful story, you begin to reason about typical values, trends and predictions, while staying alert to misleading or incomplete claims.
Statistical statements and questionsCollecting and organising dataVariability in dataRepresenting data visuallyReading data critically and making predictions
Key terms
Data
A collection of facts, numbers or observations gathered about something.
Statistical statement
A claim summarising a phenomenon using numbers, proportions, probabilities or predictions.
Statistical question
A question that can only be answered by collecting and analysing data.
Variability
The natural differences in data values, such as different student heights.
Data representation
Showing data using tables, charts or graphs to reveal patterns.
Prediction
An estimate about future or unknown values based on existing data.
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A statistical statement is a claim that summarises a phenomenon using:
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