Secularism
Class 11 Political Science · Political Theory · Chapter 8
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Summary
This chapter explains secularism and its distinctive Indian form. Secularism is first and foremost a doctrine opposing all forms of institutionalised religious domination — both inter-religious domination (one community persecuting another, as in the 1984 anti-Sikh massacre, the exodus of Kashmiri pandits, or the 2002 post-Godhra riots) and intra-religious domination (oppression within a religion, such as the exclusion of dalits and women). Positively, secularism promotes freedom within religions and equality between and within religions. A secular state must be neither theocratic nor have a formal alliance with any religion, and must pursue goals such as peace, religious freedom and inter- and intra-religious equality. The chapter contrasts the western (mainly American) model, which treats separation as mutual exclusion and religion as a private matter, with the distinctive Indian model, which emphasises inter-religious equality, deals with the religious freedom of communities as well as individuals, and permits state-supported religious reform (banning untouchability, abolishing child marriage). The key idea is "principled distance". The chapter answers criticisms that Indian secularism is anti-religious, a western import, guilty of minoritism, interventionist, encourages vote-bank politics, or attempts the impossible, defending it as mirroring the future of a globalising, diverse world.
Secularism
Key terms
Secularism
a normative doctrine that opposes all forms of institutionalised religious domination and promotes freedom and equality within and between religions.
Inter-religious domination
the persecution or domination of one religious community by another.
Intra-religious domination
domination and oppression of members within the same religion (e.g. of dalits or women).
Theocratic state
a state governed directly by a priestly order, lacking separation of religious and political institutions.
Principled distance
the distinctive Indian idea that the state keeps a flexible distance from religion, intervening or abstaining to promote liberty, equality and justice.
Mutual exclusion
the western (American) idea that state and religion must stay strictly out of each other's affairs.
Extra questions & answers
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Secularism is first and foremost a doctrine that opposes: