What went wrong when the king rode under the arch?

It was too low and knocked off his crown

How does the chain of blame unfold in the poem?

Each accused person blames another, ending with the king's own changes

How is citizenship defined?

As full and equal membership of a political community, providing a collective political identity and certain rights.

Why is full membership of a state important?

Because refugees and stateless people, whom no state will grant membership, are not guaranteed rights and live in precarious conditions.

What did the Olga Tellis case establish?

The Supreme Court held that the right to life under Article 21 includes the right to livelihood, so pavement dwellers must first be given alternative accommodation.

What three kinds of rights did T.H. Marshall identify in citizenship?

Civil rights, political rights and social rights, which together make a life of dignity possible and counter class inequality.

Why do tensions arise between "insiders" and "outsiders"?

When jobs, facilities and natural resources are limited, demands may be made to restrict entry to migrants, even fellow citizens (e.g. "Mumbai for Mumbaikars").

How does India define its citizenship?

As secular, democratic and inclusive; the Constitution accommodates a very diverse society and does not make ethnic identity a criterion for citizenship.

How can Indian citizenship be acquired?

By birth, descent, registration, naturalisation, or inclusion of territory.

What is the problem of stateless people?

People displaced by war, persecution or famine, whom no state accepts, become stateless or refugees, often unable to work, educate children or own property.

Why is democratic citizenship described as a "project"?

Because it is an ideal to work towards; new issues and demands constantly arise from groups who feel marginalised, and must be negotiated.

What is the appeal of global citizenship?

It might make it easier to deal with problems that cross national boundaries, such as migrants and stateless peoples, through cooperative action.

Citizenship

Class 11 Political Science · Political Theory · Chapter 6

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Summary

This chapter examines citizenship as full and equal membership of a political community, which gives members a collective political identity and certain rights, along with obligations to one another and to society. It contrasts this with the plight of refugees and stateless people who no state will accept. Each right of citizenship has been won through struggle, from the French Revolution to anti-colonial movements, the South African anti-apartheid struggle and the women's and dalit movements in India. The chapter probes the meaning of "full and equal membership" through tensions between "insiders" and "outsiders", freedom of movement and the rights of migrants, and the conditions of the urban poor, slum-dwellers, tribal and forest-dwellers. It cites the Olga Tellis case, where the Supreme Court held that the right to life includes the right to livelihood. T.H. Marshall's view sees citizenship as involving civil, political and social rights that counter class inequality. The chapter discusses the relationship between citizen and nation, how nation-states define inclusive identities (France, Germany, Israel and India's secular, inclusive citizenship), the problem of universal citizenship and stateless peoples, and finally the idea of global citizenship in an interconnected world, arguing national citizenship needs to be supplemented by awareness of our links with people everywhere.

Citizenship

Key terms

Citizenship

full and equal membership of a political community, with rights, a political identity and mutual obligations.

Stateless people / refugees

people forced to live without the membership of any state, often in camps or as illegal migrants.

Universal citizenship

the idea that full membership of a state should be available to all who live and work in it.

Global citizenship

the idea that, in an interconnected world, people feel linked across national boundaries and should work with others worldwide.

Equal rights

the principle that all citizens, rich or poor, should be guaranteed certain basic rights and a minimum standard of life.

T.H. Marshall

the sociologist who defined citizenship as involving civil, political and social rights that counter class inequality.

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Citizenship is defined as:

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Citizenship

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