Equality
Class 11 Political Science · Political Theory · Chapter 3
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Summary
This chapter examines equality, the ideal that all human beings have equal worth regardless of colour, gender, race or nationality and deserve equal consideration and respect. It was the rallying cry of the French Revolution ("Liberty, Equality, Fraternity") and of anti-colonial struggles, yet inequality remains visible everywhere. Treating people with equal respect need not mean treating them identically; what matters is that treatment and opportunity must not be pre-determined by birth or social circumstance. The chapter distinguishes natural inequalities (of talent and capability) from socially-produced inequalities (of opportunity and exploitation), noting the distinction is not always clear. It identifies three dimensions of equality — political, social and economic — and introduces major ideologies: feminism (which distinguishes sex from gender and challenges patriarchy), socialism (Rammanohar Lohia's Sapta Kranti, or seven revolutions), Marxism (private ownership as the root of entrenched inequality) and liberalism (free and fair competition as the just way to distribute rewards). To promote equality it discusses establishing formal equality (the Constitution prohibits discrimination and abolishes untouchability), equality through differential treatment, and affirmative action, including India's policy of reservations and the debate around it. The aim is to treat everyone as equal, which sometimes requires differential treatment.
Equality
Key terms
Equality of opportunity
the principle that all people are entitled to the same rights and chances to develop their talents and pursue their goals.
Natural inequalities
differences arising from people's differing capabilities and talents.
Socially-produced inequalities
inequalities created by society through unequal opportunity or the exploitation of some groups by others.
Affirmative action
positive measures (such as reservations) to correct the cumulative effect of past, entrenched inequalities.
Feminism
the political doctrine of equal rights for women and men, challenging patriarchy and distinguishing sex from gender.
Socialism
a set of ideas responding to the inequalities of industrial capitalism; in India, Lohia's ideal of Sapta Kranti (seven revolutions).
Extra questions & answers
Try one from this chapter
The French revolutionary slogan invoking equality was: