Election and Representation
Class 11 Political Science · Indian Constitution at Work · Chapter 3
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Summary
This chapter studies the constitutional provisions on elections and representation in India. Just as a game needs agreed rules and an impartial umpire decided before play, basic decisions about elections are written into the constitution. It explains the two key questions a constitution answers: ensuring free and fair elections (who can vote, who can contest, who supervises) and ensuring fair representation (how voters choose and how votes are counted). India uses the First Past the Post (FPTP) system, in which the country is divided into 543 single-member constituencies and the candidate with the highest votes wins — even without a majority — which can give a party more seats than its share of votes (as in 1984). The chapter contrasts FPTP with Proportional Representation (PR), used in Israel and for India's Rajya Sabha and presidential elections through the Single Transferable Vote. It explains why India chose FPTP (simplicity, accountability to a local representative, and stable government). It discusses reservation of constituencies for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (rejecting separate electorates), universal adult franchise (lowered to 18 in 1989), the right to contest, and the independent Election Commission under Article 324, ending with debates on electoral reforms.
Election and Representation
Key terms
First Past the Post (FPTP)
the system where each constituency elects one representative, and the candidate with the most votes wins, even without a majority.
Proportional Representation (PR)
a system in which each party gets seats in proportion to its share of votes.
Single Transferable Vote (STV)
the PR variant used for Rajya Sabha elections, where voters rank candidates by preference.
Reserved constituency
a constituency where all may vote but only candidates of a specified community (SC or ST) may contest.
Universal adult franchise
the right of every adult citizen (18 and above since 1989) to vote.
Election Commission
the independent body under Article 324 that superintends, directs and controls elections in India.
Extra questions & answers
Try one from this chapter
Basic decisions about elections are written in the constitution because they: