Thermodynamics
Class 11 Physics · Physics Part II · Chapter 4
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Summary
Thermodynamics studies the laws governing the conversion of heat into work and vice versa, dealing with macroscopic systems described by state variables such as pressure, volume and temperature. Two systems are in thermal equilibrium when they have the same temperature. The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that if two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third, they are in equilibrium with each other, which justifies temperature as a property. Heat and work are both forms of energy in transit; the internal energy of a system is a state variable. The first law of thermodynamics, \(\Delta Q=\Delta U+\Delta W\), is the principle of conservation of energy applied to heat. Specific heats at constant pressure and constant volume differ by \(C_p-C_v=R\) for an ideal gas. Thermodynamic processes include isothermal, adiabatic, isochoric and isobaric changes. The second law of thermodynamics expresses the one-way nature of heat flow: heat cannot flow spontaneously from a colder to a hotter body (Clausius), and no engine can convert heat completely into work (Kelvin-Planck). Processes are reversible or irreversible, and the Carnot engine, operating between two temperatures, has the maximum possible efficiency \(\eta=1-T_2/T_1\), independent of the working substance.
Thermal equilibrium and the zeroth lawHeat, internal energy and workFirst law of thermodynamicsSpecific heat capacityThermodynamic state variables and processesSecond law of thermodynamicsReversible and irreversible processesCarnot engine
Key terms
Internal energy
The total energy of a system stored in its molecules due to molecular motion and configuration; a state variable.
Zeroth law
The law stating that two systems each in thermal equilibrium with a third are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
First law of thermodynamics
The conservation of energy applied to heat, \(\Delta Q=\Delta U+\Delta W\).
Adiabatic process
A process in which no heat is exchanged with the surroundings (\(\Delta Q=0\)).
Second law of thermodynamics
The principle that heat cannot flow spontaneously from a colder to a hotter body and no engine can fully convert heat to work.
Carnot engine
An ideal reversible heat engine working between two temperatures with the maximum possible efficiency.
Extra questions & answers
Try one from this chapter
The first law of thermodynamics is expressed as: