Laws of Motion
Class 11 Physics · Physics Part I · Chapter 4
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Summary
This chapter explains what governs motion through Newton's three laws. Aristotle wrongly believed a constant force is needed to keep a body moving; Galileo's study of inclined planes led instead to the law of inertia. Newton's first law states that a body continues in rest or uniform motion unless acted upon by a net external force, defining inertia and force. The second law states that the rate of change of momentum equals the applied force, \(F=\mathrm{d}p/\mathrm{d}t=ma\), giving the newton as the SI unit of force; impulse equals the change in momentum. The third law states that to every action there is an equal and opposite reaction, the two forces acting on different bodies. From the second and third laws follows the law of conservation of linear momentum for an isolated system, illustrated by recoil of a gun. Equilibrium of a particle requires the net force to be zero. Common forces in mechanics include gravity, normal reaction, tension and friction; static, kinetic and rolling friction are governed by \(f_s\le\mu_s N\) and \(f_k=\mu_k N\). For circular motion the centripetal force is provided by friction or by banking of roads, and free-body diagrams are used to solve mechanics problems systematically.
Aristotle's fallacy and the law of inertiaNewton's first law of motionNewton's second law of motionNewton's third law of motionConservation of momentumEquilibrium of a particleCommon forces in mechanics and frictionCircular motion and banking of roads
Key terms
Inertia
The tendency of a body to remain in its state of rest or uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force.
Momentum
The product of mass and velocity of a body, \(p=mv\); a vector quantity whose rate of change equals the applied force.
Impulse
The product of force and the time for which it acts, equal to the change in momentum it produces.
Newton's third law
To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction, the two forces acting on different bodies.
Conservation of momentum
In the absence of an external force, the total linear momentum of a system remains constant.
Friction
The force that opposes relative motion or tendency of motion between surfaces in contact.
Extra questions & answers
Try one from this chapter
Newton's first law of motion is also called the law of: