Writing and City Life
Class 11 History · Themes in World History · Chapter 1
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Summary
This theme explores the earliest cities of Mesopotamia, the land between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers in present-day Iraq, and the deep link between urban life and writing. From about 5000 BCE, settlements in the southern desert grew into cities such as Uruk, Ur and Mari, supported by silt-fed irrigation farming, sheep and goat herding, and long-distance trade in wood, copper, tin and stone that the resource-poor south lacked. Urban life rested on a division of labour, organised trade, efficient water transport and a social authority that issued commands. Writing began around 3200 BCE with picture-like signs on clay tablets recording temple transactions; by 2600 BCE it became wedge-shaped cuneiform, first in Sumerian and later in Akkadian. Temples, homes of gods like the Moon God of Ur and Inanna, became the main urban institutions, while war-leaders grew into kings who organised trade and labour. The chapter studies the temple town of Uruk, the residential city of Ur, and Mari, a prosperous trading town in a pastoral zone ruled by Amorite kings. Mesopotamia's lasting legacy includes time-reckoning (the 12-month year, 60-minute hour), mathematics, and early libraries such as Assurbanipal's at Nineveh.
Writing and City Life
Key terms
Mesopotamia
the land "between rivers" (Greek mesos + potamos), between the Euphrates and Tigris, now part of Iraq.
Cuneiform
wedge-shaped writing (Latin cuneus, "wedge") pressed into wet clay tablets with a reed.
Uruk
early southern temple town that grew to about 250 hectares by c.3000 BCE, with defensive walls.
Ziggurat
a stepped temple tower; Babylon had one as part of its processional ritual centre.
Steppe
upland grazing tract where animal herding suited people better than farming.
Mari
Amorite-ruled royal city upstream on the Euphrates that prospered on river trade, not military power.
Extra questions & answers
Try one from this chapter
City life first began in Mesopotamia, the land between which two rivers?