Displacing Indigenous Peoples
Class 11 History · Themes in World History · Chapter 6
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Summary
This theme studies how European settlers from the eighteenth century onwards took over the lands of indigenous peoples in North America (the United States and Canada), Australia and New Zealand, displacing native populations whose ways of life and ideas of property differed sharply from those of the newcomers. The natives of America lived by hunting, fishing and small-scale farming, did not feel the need to own land for profit, and held gatherings to exchange tribe-specific handicrafts; many died from European diseases and from being pushed onto "reservations" — often land they had no earlier connection to. The chapter traces the westward-moving "frontier" of the USA, the near-extermination of the bison by 1890, the 1849 Gold Rush, the use of African slaves on plantations, and how the USA became the leading industrial power by 1890 while denying equality to natives and slaves. In Australia, claimed by Captain Cook and declared terra nullius ("belonging to nobody"), convicts were shipped to Botany Bay and Aborigines were dispossessed and later subjected to forced assimilation, a history reassessed by Henry Reynolds. In New Zealand the Maori signed the Treaty of Waitangi (1840) but still lost land through wars; later, native rights and identities were gradually recognised.
Displacing Indigenous Peoples
Key terms
Indigenous people
people belonging naturally to a place, who lived there before settlers arrived (e.g. Native Americans, Aborigines, Maori).
Terra nullius
Latin for "land belonging to nobody", the legal fiction used to justify European seizure of Australia.
Reservations
areas, often poor and unfamiliar land, onto which Native Americans were forced to move.
Frontier
the shifting boundary of European settlement in the USA, beyond which natives were pushed back.
Gold Rush
the rush of fortune-seekers (e.g. California, 1849) that spurred railways and industry but devastated native lands.
Treaty of Waitangi (1840)
the agreement by which the Maori of New Zealand accepted British rule, though they later lost much land.
Extra questions & answers
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This theme studies the displacement of indigenous peoples in North America, Australia and: