Changing Cultural Traditions
Class 11 History · Themes in World History · Chapter 5
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Summary
This theme examines the cultural changes in Europe from the fourteenth to the seventeenth century that the Swiss historian Jacob Burckhardt called the "Renaissance" (rebirth). As towns such as Florence, Venice and Rome grew into centres of art and learning, a new "humanist" culture stressed that individuals could shape their own lives by reason and skill, rather than have their thinking controlled by the Church. Italian city-states — Florence and Venice were republics — revived through Mediterranean and Silk-Route trade, and universities at Padua and Bologna taught law and then the humanities (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, moral philosophy). Scholars rediscovered Greek and Roman texts, often through Arabic translations preserved by writers like Ibn Sina, al-Razi and Ibn Rushd. Artists such as Donatello, Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo achieved realism using anatomy, geometry and perspective, while architects revived the classical style. Gutenberg's printing press (Bible, 1455) spread ideas rapidly. Religion became a matter of individual choice: Martin Luther's Protestant Reformation (1517) challenged the Catholic Church, and the Copernican Revolution and the work of Kepler, Galileo and Newton began the Scientific Revolution. Recent historians question whether the change was as sharp a "rebirth" as Burckhardt claimed.
Changing Cultural Traditions
Key terms
Renaissance
literally "rebirth"; the term used (esp. by Jacob Burckhardt) for the revival of classical learning and a new humanist culture in Europe.
Humanism
a culture centred on grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history and moral philosophy, valuing the individual and human reason over religious control.
City-state
an independent self-governing Italian city such as Florence or Venice, some republics, some ruled by princes.
Realism
the lifelike style in art achieved through anatomy, geometry, perspective and oil colour, lasting into the nineteenth century.
Printing press
Gutenberg's movable-type technology (Bible printed 1455) that spread books and ideas widely.
Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther's 1517 movement that broke Churches in Germany and Switzerland from the Pope and the Catholic Church.
Extra questions & answers
Try one from this chapter
The term "Renaissance" literally means: