The first indubitable certainty Descartes reaches through methodic doubt is expressed as:

Cogito, ergo sum (I think, therefore I am)

Descartes uses the device of an "evil demon" (malin genie) in order to:

Push doubt to its extreme by supposing a deceiver could falsify even simple beliefs

The metaphysics of Descartes is a substance dualism between:

Res cogitans (thinking substance) and res extensa (extended substance)

In which work does Descartes present the Six Meditations including the cogito and proofs of God?

Meditations on First Philosophy

A defining commitment of rationalism, shared by Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz, is that:

Some substantive knowledge is innate or attainable by reason independent of sense experience

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GATE Humanities and Social Sciences - Philosophy Articles & Updates

Covers classical and contemporary philosophy, ethics, metaphysics, and Indian philosophical traditions, for candidates interested in philosophical research and critical inquiry.

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Frege’s sense vs reference: “morning star” and “evening star” share a reference (Venus) but differ in sense.

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