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Science · 13 chapters
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Chapter 5: Exploring Mixtures and their SeparationClass 9 Science — summary, notes, extra questions & NCERT solutions

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A mixture with uniform composition throughout, such as sugar dissolved in water, is called:

Summary

This chapter looks closely at mixtures and the techniques used to separate them. A homogeneous mixture (a solution) has uniform composition throughout — every sip of sugar-water is equally sweet; examples include vinegar and soda. A heterogeneous mixture does not have uniform composition (e.g. sand in water). Mixtures are also classified by particle size into true solutions (particles too small to see or scatter light), colloids (medium-sized particles that scatter a beam of light — the Tyndall effect, as in milk or fog) and suspensions (large particles that settle on standing, like muddy water). A solution has a solvent (present in larger amount) and a solute; solubility depends on temperature and the nature of the substances, and a solution that can dissolve no more solute is saturated. Concentration can be expressed as mass percentage or volume percentage. The chapter then surveys separation methods chosen according to the property that differs between components: evaporation (recovering a dissolved solid), filtration (insoluble solid from liquid), sedimentation and decantation, centrifugation (separating denser particles by spinning, as in blood tests), separating-funnel (immiscible liquids by density), sublimation (solids that turn directly to vapour like camphor), chromatography (separating dissolved coloured components such as dyes in ink), and distillation and fractional distillation (separating miscible liquids by differences in boiling point). These techniques underpin everyday and industrial processes from making salt and sugar to medical diagnosis.

Homogeneous vs heterogeneous mixturesSolutions, colloids and suspensions; Tyndall effectSolute, solvent, solubility and concentrationEvaporation, filtration, centrifugation, sublimationChromatography and distillation

Key terms

Homogeneous mixture (solution)
A mixture with uniform composition throughout, in which the components cannot be distinguished, e.g. sugar dissolved in water.
Tyndall effect
The scattering of a beam of light by the medium-sized particles of a colloid, making the light path visible (as in milk or fog).
Suspension
A heterogeneous mixture whose large particles are visible and settle down on standing, e.g. muddy water.
Saturated solution
A solution that has dissolved the maximum amount of solute possible at a given temperature.
Chromatography
A technique that separates dissolved components, such as the different dyes in ink, based on how differently they move through a medium.
Fractional distillation
A method to separate two or more miscible liquids by repeated evaporation and condensation using their different boiling points.

Extra questions & answers

Think It Over

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Activity 5.2: Let us represent solubility graphically

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Activity 5.4: Let us describe a process

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Homogeneous mixture (solution)
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A mixture with uniform composition throughout, in which the components cannot be distinguished, e.g. sugar dissolved in water.
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