What is financial infrastructure?

The network of banks, payment systems and stock markets that helps manage money

What are the main things a bank does?

Holds deposits and lends money as loans

How do banks make money?

They pay lower interest on deposits and charge higher interest on loans

Earning interest on previous interest as well as on the original amount

In what form is 'A Homage to Our Brave Soldiers' written?

It is written as an exchange of two letters between the friends Soumya and Ananda, sharing their feelings about India's brave soldiers.

What is the National War Memorial and what does it honour?

It is a memorial in New Delhi, with four chakras around the eternal Amar Jawan Jyoti flame, honouring the soldiers who died protecting India since 1947.

Why is Lance Naik Albert Ekka remembered in the unit?

He is honoured as an example of selflessness, determination and exceptional courage, having sacrificed his life for the nation in war.

Why does the unit say it is our duty to pay homage to our brave soldiers?

Because soldiers sacrificed their lives so that citizens could live freely and in peace, and remembering them is a way of showing gratitude.

Who wrote the poem 'My Dear Soldiers' and what is it about?

It was written by former President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam as a tribute to the soldiers who guard India's borders in every season and terrain.

How does 'My Dear Soldiers' describe the soldiers' hardships?

It pictures them keeping watch through wind, snow and scorching heat across heights, deserts and seas, alone like yogis while others sleep.

How does the poem 'My Dear Soldiers' end?

It ends with a heartfelt prayer asking God to bless and protect the soldiers who give the prime of their youth to the nation.

Who was Rani Abbakka and what did she refuse to do?

She was the sixteenth-century queen of Ullal who refused to pay tribute to the Portuguese, declaring that her land was a sovereign country.

How did Rani Abbakka resist the Portuguese?

She built merchant ships, formed trade alliances with the Zamorin of Kozhikode and Arabia, and led her people and soldiers in armed resistance.

What single theme connects all three readings of the unit?

They all celebrate the bravehearts — soldiers and warriors, men and women — whose courage, sacrifice and patriotism protected the nation.

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Bravehearts — Class 7 English

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English · 5 chapters

Summary, key terms, important questions and a practice quiz with AI diagnosis for each.

CBSE Class 7English Poorvi

Chapter 5: Bravehearts

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Summary

Unit 5 of Poorvi pays tribute to courage, sacrifice and patriotism through the stories of India's soldiers and warriors. The opening prose, 'A Homage to Our Brave Soldiers', is an exchange of letters between two friends, Soumya and Ananda. Soumya describes a school visit to the National War Memorial in New Delhi, explaining its four chakras around the eternal Amar Jawan Jyoti flame and the thousands of names of fallen soldiers it honours, and recalls real heroes such as Lance Naik Albert Ekka and Major Padmapani Acharya. Ananda replies with gratitude, recalling a war memorial in Chandigarh and the sacrifice of Captain Anuj Nayyar. The unit's poem, 'My Dear Soldiers' by A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, salutes the soldiers who guard the borders through snow, heat and lonely terrain while the country sleeps, and ends with a prayer for their well-being. The third reading, 'Rani Abbakka', is a dramatised retelling of the sixteenth-century queen of Ullal who defied the Portuguese, refused to pay tribute, built trade alliances and led her people in armed resistance, becoming one of India's earliest women freedom fighters. Together the readings honour the bravehearts — soldiers and warriors, men and women — who sacrificed for the nation, and remind every citizen to remember and pay homage to them.

A Homage to Our Brave Soldiers (prose/letters) — the National War MemorialMy Dear Soldiers (poem) — A.P.J. Abdul Kalam's tributeRani Abbakka (prose/drama) — the queen who defied the PortugueseTheme: courage, sacrifice and patriotismReal heroes: Albert Ekka, Padmapani Acharya, Anuj NayyarLiterary devices: metaphor, imagery and alliteration

Key terms

National War Memorial

The memorial in New Delhi, with four chakras and the eternal Amar Jawan Jyoti flame, that honours India's fallen soldiers since 1947.

Param Vir Chakra

India's highest wartime gallantry award; the unit recalls heroes such as Lance Naik Albert Ekka who earned the nation's top honours.

A.P.J. Abdul Kalam

Former President of India and author of the poem 'My Dear Soldiers', which salutes those who guard the nation's borders.

Rani Abbakka

The dauntless sixteenth-century queen of Ullal who defied the Portuguese and is remembered as an early woman freedom fighter.

Sacrifice and patriotism

The central theme of the unit — soldiers and warriors giving the prime of their lives to protect the country and its freedom.

Amar Jawan Jyoti

The eternal flame at the War Memorial; it works as a metaphor for the undying courage and memory of the soldiers.

Important questions

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Practice quiz · Bravehearts

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Bravehearts

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