Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits
Class 12 Physics · Physics Part II · Chapter 6
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Summary
Solids are classified by their energy bands: conductors have overlapping or partly filled bands, insulators a large forbidden gap, and semiconductors a small gap that allows modest conduction. In a pure (intrinsic) semiconductor, equal numbers of electrons and holes carry current. Doping with pentavalent atoms gives an n-type semiconductor (electrons as majority carriers) and with trivalent atoms a p-type (holes majority). Joining the two forms a p-n junction, where diffusion creates a depletion region and a built-in barrier potential. The junction conducts readily under forward bias but barely under reverse bias, acting as a diode whose characteristic curve shows this rectifying behaviour. Diodes are used in half-wave and full-wave rectifiers to convert AC to DC, while special diodes such as the Zener (voltage regulation), photodiode, LED and solar cell exploit junction properties for sensing and light. These devices, compact and reliable, replaced bulky vacuum tubes and form the foundation of all modern electronics, from power supplies and displays to the integrated circuits at the heart of computing and communication.
Energy bands in solidsIntrinsic and extrinsic semiconductorsp-n junction and biasingDiode as a rectifierSpecial purpose diodesApplications in circuits
Key terms
Energy band gap
Forbidden energy range between valence and conduction bands.
Intrinsic semiconductor
Pure semiconductor with equal electron and hole concentrations.
Doping
Adding impurity atoms to create n-type or p-type semiconductors.
p-n junction
Boundary between p and n regions forming a depletion layer and barrier.
Diode
A p-n junction that conducts mainly in one direction, used for rectification.
Rectifier
Circuit converting alternating current to direct current using diodes.
Extra questions & answers
Try one from this chapter
In terms of energy bands, a semiconductor has: