Electromagnetic Induction
Class 12 Physics · Physics Part I · Chapter 6
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Summary
A changing magnetic flux through a circuit induces an emf—the heart of electromagnetic induction. Magnetic flux is \(\Phi=\vec{B}\cdot\vec{A}=BA\cos\theta\). Faraday's law states that the induced emf equals the rate of change of flux, \(\varepsilon=-\dfrac{d\Phi}{dt}\), while Lenz's law, expressed by the negative sign, ensures the induced current opposes the change producing it—a statement of energy conservation. A conductor of length \(l\) moving with speed \(v\) across a field generates a motional emf \(\varepsilon=Blv\). Changing fluxes also drive eddy currents in bulk conductors, used in braking and induction heating but minimised by lamination in transformers. Self-inductance \(L\) opposes changes in a coil's own current, with emf \(\varepsilon=-L\dfrac{dI}{dt}\) and stored energy \(U=\tfrac{1}{2}LI^2\). Mutual inductance \(M\) couples two coils, the basis of the transformer. An AC generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy by rotating a coil in a field, producing a sinusoidal emf \(\varepsilon=\varepsilon_0\sin\omega t\), embodying the link between motion, magnetism and electricity.
Magnetic flux and Faraday's lawLenz's law and energy conservationMotional emfEddy currents and applicationsSelf and mutual inductanceAC generator
Key terms
Magnetic flux
Field threading a surface, \(\Phi=BA\cos\theta\); SI unit weber.
Faraday's law
Induced emf equals the negative rate of change of flux, \(\varepsilon=-d\Phi/dt\).
Lenz's law
Induced current opposes the change in flux, conserving energy.
Motional emf
Emf \(\varepsilon=Blv\) in a conductor moving across a field.
Self-inductance
Property opposing change in a coil's own current, emf \(=-L\,dI/dt\).
Eddy currents
Induced circulating currents in bulk conductors, reduced by lamination.
Extra questions & answers
Try one from this chapter
Faraday's law states the induced emf equals: