Manufacturing Industries — Class 10 Social Science
Geography — Contemporary India-II · Chapter 6
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Chapter summary
Key ideas & terms
- Manufacturing
- The production of goods in large quantities from raw materials.
- Agro-based industry
- An industry that uses agricultural products as raw material, like textiles and sugar.
- Mineral-based industry
- An industry that uses minerals and metals as raw material, like iron and steel.
- Basic industry
- An industry whose products are used by other industries, such as iron and steel.
- Consumer industry
- An industry that produces goods for direct use by consumers.
- Public sector industry
- An industry owned and operated by the government.
- Industrial pollution
- Damage to air, water, land and the noise environment caused by industries.
- Agglomeration economies
- Benefits firms gain by locating together near markets and services.
Extra questions & answers
Why is manufacturing called the backbone of economic development?
It reduces dependence on agriculture, creates jobs, adds value to raw materials, earns foreign exchange through exports and drives overall economic growth.
What factors influence the location of an industry?
The availability of raw materials, power, labour, capital, market access and transport, along with government policy and agglomeration economies.
Distinguish between agro-based and mineral-based industries.
Agro-based industries use farm products such as cotton, jute and sugarcane, while mineral-based industries use minerals and metals such as iron ore.
How can industrial pollution be controlled?
By treating effluents before disposal, recycling and reusing water, harvesting rainwater, and using cleaner fuels and technologies while following pollution-control norms.
Why is the iron and steel industry called a basic industry?
Because its products are the raw materials for many other industries, such as machinery, construction, tools, transport and defence equipment.
Why is manufacturing considered the backbone of economic development?
It reduces dependence on agriculture, creates jobs, adds value to raw materials, earns foreign exchange and drives overall economic growth.
What factors influence the location of an industry?
The availability of raw materials, power, labour, capital, market access and transport, along with government policy.
Distinguish between agro-based and mineral-based industries.
Agro-based industries use farm products such as cotton, jute and sugarcane, while mineral-based industries use minerals and metals such as iron ore.
Why is the iron and steel industry called a basic industry?
Because its products serve as raw materials for many other industries, such as machinery, construction, transport and defence.
How can industrial pollution be controlled?
By treating effluents before disposal, recycling and reusing water, harvesting rainwater, and using cleaner fuels and technologies.
Activity
Classify the following into two groups on the basis of bulk and weight of raw material and finished goods.
(i) Oil
(ii) Knitting needles
(iii) Brassware
(iv) Fuse wires
(v) Watches
(vi) Sewing Machines
(vii) Shipbuilding
(viii) Electric Bulbs
(ix) Paint brushes
(x) Automobiles
Heavy industries: (i) Oil, (vii) Shipbuilding and (x) Automobiles.
Light industries: (ii) Knitting needles, (iii) Brassware, (iv) Fuse wires, (v) Watches, (vi) Sewing Machines, (viii) Electric Bulbs and (ix) Paint brushes.
Activity
Make a list of all such goods made of steel that you can think of.
Goods made of steel include railway tracks, bridges, building frames, machinery, tools, agricultural equipment, automobiles, buses, trucks, ships, pipelines, utensils, surgical instruments, electrical appliances, defence equipment, nails, screws and storage tanks.
Activity
Where would it be economically viable to set up the cement manufacturing units?
Cement manufacturing units are most economically viable near deposits of limestone, silica and gypsum. They should also have access to coal or electricity, adequate water, efficient rail or road transport and nearby markets because both the raw materials and the finished cement are bulky and costly to transport.
Activity
Find out where the plants are located in other States of India. Find their names.
Examples of cement plants in other states include the ACC plant at Wadi in Karnataka, the UltraTech plant at Reddipalayam in Tamil Nadu, the Shree Cement plant at Beawar in Rajasthan, the ACC plant at Chaibasa in Jharkhand, the Dalmia Cement plant at Rajgangpur in Odisha and the UltraTech plant at Hirmi in Chhattisgarh.
EXERCISES
1. Multiple choice questions.
(i) Which one of the following industries uses bauxite as a raw material?
(a) Aluminium Smelting (b) Cement (c) Paper (d) Steel
(a) Aluminium Smelting
1. Multiple choice questions.
(ii) Which one of the following industries manufactures telephones, computer, etc.
(a) Steel (c) Aluminium Smelting
(b) Electronic (d) Information Technology
(b) Electronic
2. Answer the following briefly in not more than 30 words.
(i) What is manufacturing?
Manufacturing is the production of goods in large quantities by processing raw materials into more valuable finished products.
2. Answer the following briefly in not more than 30 words.
(ii) What are basic industries? Give an example.
Basic industries supply raw materials to other industries for producing goods. The iron and steel industry is a basic industry.
3. Write the answers of the following questions in 120 words.
(i) How do industries pollute the environment?
Industries cause air, water, land and noise pollution. Factories, refineries, brick kilns and smelting plants release smoke, dust, sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide and other harmful substances into the air. Paper, chemical, textile, petroleum, tanning and electroplating industries discharge dyes, acids, detergents, salts, heavy metals and other wastes into water bodies. Hot water released by factories causes thermal pollution and harms aquatic life. Solid wastes such as fly ash, slag, chemicals, glass and packaging materials make land unproductive and may contaminate groundwater. Machinery, generators, drills and construction work create excessive noise, which can cause stress, irritation, high blood pressure and hearing problems.
3. Write the answers of the following questions in 120 words.
(ii) Discuss the steps to be taken to minimise environmental degradation by industry?
Industries can minimise environmental degradation by reducing water use and reusing or recycling it in successive stages. Rainwater should be harvested, while hot water and effluents must be treated before being released. Treatment may include mechanical, biological, chemical and physical processes. Factories should install electrostatic precipitators, scrubbers, fabric filters and inertial separators to control air pollution. Cleaner fuels such as oil and gas should replace coal where possible. Machinery should be upgraded for greater energy efficiency, and generators should have silencers. Waste generation must be reduced, and materials such as ash should be reused. Green belts should be developed around factories, groundwater extraction regulated and pollution levels regularly monitored.
ACTIVITY
Give one word for each of the following with regard to industry. The number of letters in each word are hinted in brackets.
(i) Used to drive machinery (5) P...........................
Power
Give one word for each of the following with regard to industry. The number of letters in each word are hinted in brackets.
(ii) People who work in a factory (6) W..........................
Worker
Give one word for each of the following with regard to industry. The number of letters in each word are hinted in brackets.
(iii) Where the product is sold (6) M..........................
Market
Give one word for each of the following with regard to industry. The number of letters in each word are hinted in brackets.
(iv) A person who sells goods (8) R...........................
Retailer
Give one word for each of the following with regard to industry. The number of letters in each word are hinted in brackets.
(v) Thing produced (7) P...........................
Product
Give one word for each of the following with regard to industry. The number of letters in each word are hinted in brackets.
(vi) To make or produce (11) M..........................
Manufacture
Give one word for each of the following with regard to industry. The number of letters in each word are hinted in brackets.
(vii) Land, Water and Air degraded (9) P...........................
Pollution
PROJECT WORK
Select one agro-based and one mineral-based industry in your area.
A sugar mill may be selected as the agro-based industry, while a cement factory may be selected as the mineral-based industry.
(i) What are the raw materials they use?
The sugar mill mainly uses sugarcane, while the cement factory uses limestone, silica and gypsum as its principal raw materials.
(ii) What are the other inputs in the process of manufacturing that involve transportation cost?
The other transported inputs include coal or other fuel, machinery, spare parts, chemicals, packaging materials and sometimes water. Transportation is also required to bring workers and carry finished sugar and cement to markets.
(iii) Are these factories following environmental norms?
They can be considered compliant only when they treat wastewater, control smoke and dust, dispose of solid waste safely, reduce noise, maintain green belts and regularly monitor emissions. Field observation and official records should be used to verify whether the selected factories actually follow these norms.
ACTIVITY
Solve the puzzle by following your search horizontally and vertically to find the hidden answers.
1. Textiles, sugar, vegetable oil and plantation industries deriving raw materials from agriculture are called…
Agro-based industries
2. The basic raw material for sugar industry.
Sugarcane
3. This fibre is also known as the ‘Golden Fibre’.
Jute
4. Iron-ore, coking coal, and limestone are the chief raw materials of this industry.
Iron and steel industry
5. A public sector steel plant located in Chhattisgarh.
Bhilai
ACTIVITY
Solve the puzzle by following your search horizontally and vertically to find the hidden answers.
1. Textiles, sugar, vegetable oil and plantation industries deriving raw materials from agriculture are called…
Agro-based industries
2. The basic raw material for sugar industry.
Sugarcane
3. This fibre is also known as the ‘Golden Fibre’.
Jute
4. Iron-ore, coking coal, and limestone are the chief raw materials of this industry.
Iron and steel industry
5. A public sector steel plant located in Chhattisgarh.
Bhilai
6. Railway diesel engines are manufactured in Uttar Pradesh at this place.
Varanasi