Complete Summary and Solutions for Coordination Compounds – NCERT Class XII Chemistry Part I, Chapter 5 – Nomenclature, Bonding, Isomerism, and Applications
Detailed summary and explanation of Chapter 5 'Coordination Compounds' from the NCERT Class XII Chemistry Part I textbook, covering basic concepts, IUPAC nomenclature, bonding theories (valence bond and crystal field theories), types of isomerism, stability of coordination compounds, and important applications, along with solved examples and all NCERT questions and answers.
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Categories: NCERT, Class XII, Chemistry Part I, Chapter 5, Coordination Compounds, Nomenclature, Bonding, Isomerism, Applications, Summary, Questions, Answers
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Coordination Compounds - Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 5 Ultimate Study Guide 2025
Coordination Compounds
Chapter 5: Chemistry - Ultimate Study Guide | NCERT Class 12 Notes, Questions, Derivations & Quiz 2025
Full Chapter Summary & Detailed Notes - Coordination Compounds Class 12 NCERT
Overview & Key Concepts
Chapter Goal: Understand coordination compounds, bonding, structures; Werner's theory, isomerism, nomenclature; applications in bio, industry. Exam Focus: Formulas, names, isomers; 2025 Updates: Real-life apps (e.g., chlorophyll, haemoglobin). Fun Fact: Werner Nobel 1913. Core Idea: Complexes with central metal and ligands. Real-World: Electroplating, dyeing. Expanded: All subtopics point-wise with evidence (e.g., Table 5.1 complexes), examples (e.g., CoCl3·NH3), debates (primary vs. secondary valence).
Wider Scope: From historical (Werner) to modern (bio-inorganic); sources: Text, figures (5.1-5.3), examples. Detailed: Coordination compounds are backbone of modern inorganic and bio-inorganic chemistry. They form when transition metals bind to anions or neutral molecules via electron sharing.
Expanded Content: Include structures, polyhedra; links (e.g., bonding theories); point-wise breakdown. Objectives: Appreciate Werner’s theory, know terms like coordination entity, ligand, coordination number, learn nomenclature rules, define isomerism types, understand bonding via VBT and CFT, appreciate applications.
Introduction to Coordination Compounds
Definition: Compounds with central metal bound to ligands via coordinate bonds. Detailed: In previous unit, transition metals form complex compounds. Modern term: coordination compounds. Chemistry is important area of inorganic chemistry.
Importance: Vital in biology (chlorophyll Mg, haemoglobin Fe), industry (catalysts, reagents). Detailed: New concepts of bonding and structure provide insights into biological systems. Vitamin B12 cobalt. Metallurgical processes, industrial catalysts, analytical reagents use them.
Applications: Electroplating, textile dyeing, medicinal chemistry. Detailed: Find many applications in these fields. Expanded: Evidence from PDF: Chlorophyll, haemoglobin, vitamin B12 are coordination compounds of magnesium, iron and cobalt respectively.
Expanded: Evidence: Variety of processes involve coordination compounds. Debates: How do they function as vital components? Real: Industrial catalysts like in Haber process (though not direct, analogous).
5.1 Werner’s Theory of Coordination Compounds
Postulates: Primary (ionisable) and secondary (non-ionisable) valences; fixed coordination number; spatial arrangements. Detailed: Alfred Werner (1866-1919) first to formulate. Prepared and characterised many compounds, studied behaviour.
Examples: CoCl3·6NH3 gives 3 AgCl; formulated as [Co(NH3)6]Cl3. Detailed: Binary compounds like CrCl3 primary 3. Series of Co(III) chloride with ammonia: Yellow 3 AgCl, purple 2, green/violet 1.
Expanded: Evidence: Table 5.1; debates: Double salts vs. complexes; real: Conductivity measurements. Postulates: Metals show two linkages; primary ionisable negative ions; secondary non-ionisable neutral/negative ions; secondary = CN fixed; groups have spatial arrangements (polyhedra).
Detailed: In modern, species in square bracket are complexes, outside counter ions. Werner postulated octahedral, tetrahedral, square planar common.
Conceptual Diagram: Coordination Polyhedra
Shapes: Octahedral, tetrahedral, square planar; central M with ligands L. Detailed: Fig. 5.1 shows octahedral (L-M-L 90°/180°), tetrahedral (109.5°), square planar (90°).
5.2 Definitions of Some Important Terms
Coordination Entity: Central atom/ion with ligands, e.g., [Co(NH3)6]3+. Detailed: Constitutes central metal atom or ion bonded to fixed number of ions/molecules.
Ligands: Donors like NH3 (unidentate), en (bidentate), EDTA (hexadentate). Detailed: Ions or molecules bound to central. Unidentate (Cl-, H2O, NH3), didentate (en, oxalate), polydentate N(CH2CH2NH2)3, hexadentate EDTA4- (2N,4O).
Expanded: Evidence: Ambidentate NO2-, SCN-; debates: Chelate stability; real: Denticity. Chelate ligand: Di/poly using multiple donors to one metal, more stable. Ambidentate: NO2- (N or O), SCN- (S or N).
Detailed: Coordination number (CN): Number of ligand donor atoms directly bonded. E.g., [PtCl6]2- CN6, [Ni(NH3)4]2+ CN4. Only sigma bonds count.
Coordination sphere: Central + ligands in bracket, ionisable outside (counter ions). E.g., K4[Fe(CN)6] sphere [Fe(CN)6]4-, counter K+.
Oxidation number: Charge on central if ligands removed with shared pairs. E.g., [Cu(CN)4]3- Cu(I).
Homoleptic: One kind donor groups [Co(NH3)6]3+. Heteroleptic: More than one [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+.
Why This Guide Stands Out
Comprehensive: All subtopics point-wise, figures integrations, diagram descriptions; 2025 with links (e.g., isomerism), structures analyzed for depth. Detailed: Covers every page from PDF, including Werner bio, examples, tables.
Table 5.1: Formulation of Cobalt(III) Chloride-Ammonia Complexes
Key Values: Yellow [Co(NH3)6]3+ 3Cl- (1:3); Purple [CoCl(NH3)5]2+ 2Cl- (1:2); Green [CoCl2(NH3)4]+ Cl- (1:1); Violet same (1:1).
Trends: Fewer AgCl with more coordinated Cl. Detailed: Observations with AgNO3 and conductivity explain formulations.
Applications: Identify isomers. Detailed: Last two have same empirical CoCl3.4NH3 but distinct properties - isomers.
Expanded: Evidence: Data; debates: Valences; real: Precipitation tests. Werner 1898 theory based on this.
5.3 Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds
Rules: Cation first; ligands alphabetical; metal -ate for anions; oxidation Roman. Detailed: Formulas: Central first, ligands alpha, poly in (), entity in [], charge outside.
Examples: [Cr(NH3)3(H2O)3]Cl3 triamminetriaquachromium(III) chloride. Detailed: Naming: Cation first, ligands alpha before metal, anionic -o, neutral aqua/ammine, prefixes di/tri/bis, oxidation Roman, metal -ate if anion.
Types: Structural (linkage, coordination); stereo (geometrical, optical). Detailed: Isomers same formula different atom arrangement, differ in properties.
Coordination: Ligand swap in cation/anion complexes. Ionisation: Different counter, [Co(NH3)5Br]SO4 / [Co(NH3)5SO4]Br. Solvate: Solvent ligand/counter, [Cr(H2O)6]Cl3 / [CrCl(H2O)5]Cl2·H2O.
Key Themes & Tips
Aspects: Theory, terms, naming, isomers. Detailed: Bonding in terms of VBT and CFT (though next unit, intro here).
Tip: Practice naming; draw isomers; differentiate valences. Detailed: Common errors: Forgetting alphabetical order, confusing cis/trans properties.
Project & Group Ideas
Prepare Co complexes, test AgNO3. Detailed: Group discussion on results.
Debate: Bonding theories. Detailed: VBT vs CFT in explaining magnetism/color.
Model polyhedra. Detailed: Using balls/sticks for octahedral etc.
Key Definitions & Terms - Complete Glossary
All terms from chapter; detailed with examples, relevance. Expanded: 30+ terms grouped by subtopic; added advanced like "chelate", "denticity". Detailed: From PDF, all terms explained fully.
Coordination Compound
Central metal with ligands. Ex: [Co(NH3)6]Cl3. Relevance: Bio/industry. Detailed: Compounds where metal atoms bound to anions/neutrals by electron sharing.
Coordination Entity
Central ion + ligands. Ex: [CoCl3(NH3)3]. Relevance: Core unit. Detailed: Fixed number ions/molecules around central.
Central Atom/Ion
Bound to ligands. Ex: Co3+ in [Co(NH3)6]3+. Relevance: Lewis acid. Detailed: Atom/ion with definite geometrical arrangement of ligands.
Ligand
Donor to metal. Ex: NH3 unidentate. Relevance: Binding type. Detailed: Ions/molecules bound, unidentate/didentate etc.
Coordination Number
Donor atoms bound. Ex: 6 in [Co(NH3)6]3+. Relevance: Geometry. Detailed: Number of sigma bonds from ligands.
Coordination Sphere
Entity in brackets. Ex: [Fe(CN)6]4-. Relevance: Non-ionisable. Detailed: Central + ligands, counter outside.
Different donor in ambidentate. Ex: Nitro/nitrito. Detailed: Structural subtype.
Coordination Isomerism
Ligand swap in cation/anion. Ex: [Co(NH3)6][Cr(CN)6]. Detailed: Both complex ions.
Ionisation Isomerism
Different counter ions. Ex: [Co(NH3)5Br]SO4. Detailed: Different ions in solution.
Solvate Isomerism
Solvent as ligand/counter. Ex: [Cr(H2O)6]Cl3. Detailed: Hydrate isomerism for water.
Fac/Mer Isomerism
In [Ma3b3]. Fac: Facial, mer: Meridional. Detailed: Geometrical subtype in octahedral.
Double Salt
Dissociates into simple ions. Ex: Mohr's salt. Detailed: Vs complex: Dissociate completely.
Tip: Group by type (entities/ligands/numbers); examples for recall. Depth: Debates (e.g., primary vs. secondary). Errors: Confuse homoleptic/heteroleptic. Interlinks: To bonding (Ch9). Advanced: Polyhedra. Real-Life: Haemoglobin. Graphs: None major. Coherent: Evidence → Interpretation. For easy learning: Flashcard per term with structure.
60+ Questions & Answers - NCERT Based (Class 12) - From Exercises & Variations
Based on chapter + expansions. Part A: 10 (1 mark, one line), Part B: 10 (4 marks, five lines), Part C: 10 (6 marks, eight lines). Answers point-wise in black text. Expanded: Added 10 more in each part for 60+ total, variations from PDF examples/intext.
Part A: 1 Mark Questions (20 Qs - Short)
1. Define coordination compound.
1 Mark Answer:
Metal bound to ligands via coordinate bonds.
2. What is primary valence?
1 Mark Answer:
Ionisable, satisfied by anions.
3. Define ligand.
1 Mark Answer:
Donor to central metal.
4. What is coordination number?
1 Mark Answer:
Number of donor atoms bound.
5. Give example of bidentate ligand.
1 Mark Answer:
Ethane-1,2-diamine (en).
6. What is homoleptic complex?
1 Mark Answer:
One type of ligand.
7. Define isomerism.
1 Mark Answer:
Same formula, different arrangement.
8. What is geometrical isomerism?
1 Mark Answer:
Cis/trans in square planar/octahedral.
9. Give ambidentate ligand example.
1 Mark Answer:
NO2- (nitro/nitrito).
10. What is chelate?
1 Mark Answer:
Multi-donor ligand binding one metal.
11. What is counter ion?
1 Mark Answer:
Ionisable group outside bracket.
12. Define coordination sphere.
1 Mark Answer:
Central + ligands in bracket.
13. What is oxidation number in complexes?
1 Mark Answer:
Charge on central if ligands removed.
14. Give example of hexadentate ligand.
1 Mark Answer:
EDTA4-.
15. What is denticity?
1 Mark Answer:
Number of donor atoms in ligand.
16. Define coordination polyhedron.
1 Mark Answer:
Spatial ligand arrangement around central.
17. What is linkage isomerism?
1 Mark Answer:
Different donor in ambidentate ligand.
18. Define optical isomerism.
1 Mark Answer:
Non-superimposable mirror images.
19. What is fac/mer isomerism?
1 Mark Answer:
Facial/meridional in [Ma3b3].
20. Define double salt.
1 Mark Answer:
Dissociates into simple ions in water.
Part B: 4 Marks Questions (20 Qs - Medium, Exactly 5 Lines Each)
20. Discuss differences between double salts and complexes.
6 Marks Answer:
Both combination stable compounds stoichiometric.
Double dissociate completely in water to ions.
Complex complex ion remains intact.
Ex double: FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O to Fe2+, NH4+, SO42-.
Ex complex: K4[Fe(CN)6] to 4K+, [Fe(CN)6]4-.
Double no coordinate bonds.
Complex have, non-ionisable ligands.
Test: Precipitation, conductivity.
Tip: Structures for isomers; practice naming. Additional Qs: Variations on valences, isomers, applications.
Theory Questions - 3 Marks & 6 Marks (NCERT Based)
10 questions of 3 marks (short theory, 4-5 lines), 10 of 6 marks (detailed, 7-8 lines). Answers in black text. Expanded: Added 10 more in each for depth, based on PDF.
3 Marks Questions (20 Qs)
1. Explain importance of coordination chemistry.
3 Marks Answer:
Bonding insights, molecular structure.
Biological: Chlorophyll, haemoglobin.
Industrial: Catalysts, dyes.
Medicinal applications.
2. Define secondary valence.
3 Marks Answer:
Non-ionisable, ligands/neutrals.
Equals coordination number.
Fixed for metal.
Spatial arrangements.
3. What is ambidentate ligand?
3 Marks Answer:
Two donor atoms, one binds.
Ex: NO2- N or O.
Leads to linkage isomers.
SCN- S or N.
4. Oxidation number in complexes.
3 Marks Answer:
Charge if ligands removed.
Ex: Cu in [Cu(CN)4]3- +1.
Roman in name.
Central metal.
5. Role of counter ions.
3 Marks Answer:
Outside bracket, ionisable.
Balance charge.
Ex: Cl- in [Co(NH3)6]Cl3.
Precipitate with Ag+.
6. What is chelate ligand?
3 Marks Answer:
Di/poly dentate binding one metal.
Forms ring, stable.
Ex: en bidentate.
EDTA hexadentate.
7. Define isomerism types.
3 Marks Answer:
Structural: Different bonds.
Stereo: Spatial differ.
Geometrical: Cis/trans.
Optical: Mirror images.
8. Linkage isomerism.
3 Marks Answer:
Ambidentate different donor.
Ex: Nitro/nitrito.
Structural subtype.
Properties differ.
9. Coordination isomerism.
3 Marks Answer:
Ligands swap between metals.
Ex: [Co(NH3)6][Cr(CN)6].
Cation/anion both complex.
Structural.
10. Ionisation isomerism.
3 Marks Answer:
Different counter ions.
Ex: [Co(NH3)5Br]SO4.
Different precipitates.
Structural.
11. What is solvate isomerism?
3 Marks Answer:
Solvent ligand/counter.
Ex: Hydrate isomers CrCl3·6H2O.
Structural.
Different water coordinated.
12. Define fac/mer isomerism.
3 Marks Answer:
In [Ma3b3] octahedral.
Fac three same facial.
Mer three same meridional.
Geometrical.
13. What is denticity?
3 Marks Answer:
Number donor atoms ligand.
Unidentate 1, bidentate 2.
Determines CN contribution.
Ex: EDTA 6.
14. Role of polyhedra in complexes.
3 Marks Answer:
Spatial arrangement ligands.
Determines isomerism possible.
Ex: Octahedral geo/optical.
Common shapes.
15. What is chelate effect?
3 Marks Answer:
Stability increase multi-dentate.
Due to entropy.
Ex: [Co(en)3]3+ > [Co(NH3)6]3+.
Applications therapy.
16. Define central atom.
3 Marks Answer:
Atom/ion bound ligands geometrically.
Lewis acid.
Ex: Fe in [Fe(CN)6]4-.
Transition metals common.
17. What is homoleptic vs heteroleptic.
3 Marks Answer:
Homoleptic one ligand type.
Heteroleptic multiple.
Ex homo [Co(NH3)6]3+.
Hetero more isomers.
18. Explain counter ions role.
3 Marks Answer:
Balance charge complex ion.
Ionisable, outside bracket.
Ex: 3Cl- in [Co(NH3)6]Cl3.
Test with AgNO3.
19. What is oxidation number.
3 Marks Answer:
Charge central carry if ligands removed.
Ex: Co(III) in [Co(NH3)6]3+.
Used naming.
Roman parenthesis.
20. Define double salt.
3 Marks Answer:
Combination compounds dissociate ions.
Ex: Potash alum.
No complex ion.
Vs complex intact.
6 Marks Questions (20 Qs)
1. Distinguish primary/secondary valence.
6 Marks Answer:
Primary: Ionisable, anions.
Secondary: Non-ionisable, ligands.
Primary variable, secondary fixed.
Ex: CrCl3 primary 3.
Secondary spatial.
Werner evidence AgCl.
Modern: Coordinate bonds.
Explains structure.
2. Explain ligand classification.
6 Marks Answer:
By denticity: Uni, bi, poly.
Unidentate: Cl-, H2O.
Bidentate: en, oxalate.
Ambidentate: NO2-, SCN-.
Chelate: Multi binding one metal.
Ex: EDTA4- two N four O.
Stability chelate > unidentate.
Naming differences.
3. How determine coordination number?
6 Marks Answer:
Number sigma bonds to metal.
Ex: [PtCl6]2- CN6.
[Ni(NH3)4]2+ CN4.
Didentate count 2 each.
Ex: [Co(en)3]3+ CN6.
Pi bonds not counted.
Determines polyhedron.
From experiments.
4. Discuss polyhedra shapes.
6 Marks Answer:
Octahedral CN6 common transition.
Tetrahedral CN4, e.g., [Ni(CO)4].
Square planar CN4, e.g., [PtCl4]2-.
Trigonal bipyramidal CN5.
Ex: [Co(NH3)6]3+ octahedral.
Werner postulated.
Affect isomerism.
Angles specific.
5. Nomenclature formula writing rules.
6 Marks Answer:
Central metal first.
Ligands alphabetical.
Polyatomic in parentheses.
Entity in square brackets.
Charge outside if ion.
No space inside.
Balance charges.
Abbreviations in ().
6. Naming coordination compounds.
6 Marks Answer:
Cation first.
Ligands alpha, anionic -o.
Neutral aqua/ammine/carbonyl.
Prefixes di/tri, bis/tris.
Oxidation Roman.
Anionic metal -ate.
Ex: [Co(NH3)6]Cl3 hexaamminecobalt(III) chloride.
Neutral same.
7. Structural isomerism subtypes.
6 Marks Answer:
Linkage: Donor differ.
Coordination: Swap in cation/anion.
Ionisation: Counter/ligand swap.
Solvate: Water ligand/counter.
Ex: [Cr(H2O)6]Cl3 / [CrCl(H2O)5]Cl2·H2O.
Different ions solution.
Properties vary.
Test methods.
8. Geometrical isomerism details.
6 Marks Answer:
Square planar cis/trans [MX2L2].
Octahedral cis/trans [MX2L4].
Fac/mer [Ma3b3].
Ex: [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+ cis green, trans violet.
Heteroleptic complexes.
No tetrahedral.
Different physical/chemical.
Medical importance.
9. Optical isomerism characteristics.
6 Marks Answer:
Mirror images non-superimposable.
Chiral, no symmetry plane.
Ex: [Co(en)3]3+ d/l.
Octahedral with bidentate.
Rotate light.
Biological relevance.
Werner discovered.
Separation difficult.
10. Applications in daily life.
6 Marks Answer:
Biology: O2 transport, photosynthesis.
Industry: Catalysts, extraction.
Dyeing: Metal-ligand colors.
Medicinal: Anticancer, chelation therapy.
Analytical: Titration EDTA.
Electroplating: Metal deposition.
Photography: Ag complexes.
Modern bio-inorganic.
11. Explain Werner's postulates in detail.
6 Marks Answer:
Two types linkages valences.
Primary normally ionisable negative ions.
Secondary non ionisable neutral/ions.
Secondary equal CN fixed.
Spatial arrangements corresponding CN.
Modern polyhedra.
Counter ions outside.
Explained experimental data.
12. Discuss ambidentate ligands and isomers.
6 Marks Answer:
Two different donor atoms.
Either binds in complex.
Ex: NO2- nitro N, nitrito O.
SCN- thiocyanato S, isothiocyanato N.
Lead to linkage isomers.
Different colors, reactivity.
Common in Co, Cr complexes.
Test by spectroscopy.
13. How coordination number determines geometry.
6 Marks Answer:
CN number donor atoms.
CN2 linear, CN3 trigonal planar.
CN4 tetrahedral/square planar.
CN5 trigonal bipyramidal/square pyramidal.
CN6 octahedral.
Ex: [Ni(CO)4] tetrahedral CN4.
Affects isomerism possible.
Transition metals vary CN.
14. Explain ionisation isomerism with test.
6 Marks Answer:
Isomers give different ions in solution.
Ex: [Co(NH3)5Br]SO4 gives Br- test BaSO4.
[Co(NH3)5SO4]Br gives SO42- test AgBr.
Structural isomer.
Same formula different arrangement.
Conductivity differ.
Common in compounds with anionic ligands/counter.
Properties like color may differ.
15. Discuss coordination isomerism.
6 Marks Answer:
When both cation anion complex.
Ligands distributed differently.
Ex: [Co(NH3)6][Cr(CN)6] and [Cr(NH3)6][Co(CN)6].
Different metals different ligands.
Structural isomer.
Test by decomposition or spectroscopy.
Properties differ significantly.
Rare but important for bimetallic.
16. Werner's biography and contributions.
6 Marks Answer:
Born 1866 Mulhouse, died 1919.
Study Karlsruhe, Zurich.
Thesis 1890 on isomerism N compounds.
Extended van't Hoff for N.
Professor Zurich 1895.
Coord theory 1890-1893.
Optical in complexes first.
Nobel 1913 linkage atoms.
17. Explain double salt vs complex with example.
6 Marks Answer:
Both stoichiometric combination.
Double dissociate fully water.
Complex complex ion not dissociate.
Ex double: Mohr's salt Fe2+, NH4+, SO42-.
Ex complex: [Fe(CN)6]4- intact.
No coordinate in double.
Test: AgNO3 no precipitate complex if CN coordinated.
Double no secondary valence.
18. Applications in medicinal chemistry.
6 Marks Answer:
Cisplatin [Pt(NH3)2Cl2] anticancer.
Binds DNA, stops replication.
Trans inactive.
EDTA chelation therapy heavy metals.
Auranofin Au arthritis.
Bleomycin Fe anticancer.
Structure-activity key.
Isomerism affects efficacy.
19. How to write formulas from names.
6 Marks Answer:
Identify central metal.
List ligands from prefixes.
Alphabetical order ligands.
Determine charge from oxidation.
Add counter ions balance.
Bracket complex ion.
Ex: Hexaamminecobalt(III) chloride [Co(NH3)6]Cl3.
Abbreviations like en for ethane-1,2-diamine.
20. Evaluate role of transition metals in complexes.
6 Marks Answer:
Variable oxidation states.
Incomplete d orbitals for bonding.
Form colored complexes.
Magnetic properties.
Catalytic activity.
High charge density small ions.
Common CN 4,6.
Ex: Co, Fe, Pt.
Key Formulas - All Important Equations
List of all formulas from chapter; grouped, with units/explanations. In coord chem, mainly structural formulas. Expanded: Added more from PDF examples, total 20+.
Formula
Description
Examples
[Co(NH3)6]Cl3
Hexaamminecobalt(III) chloride
Yellow, 3 AgCl, 1:3 electrolyte
[CoCl(NH3)5]Cl2
Pentaamminechloridocobalt(III) chloride
Purple, 2 AgCl, 1:2 electrolyte
[CoCl2(NH3)4]Cl
Tetraamminedichloridocobalt(III) chloride
Green/violet, 1 AgCl, 1:1 electrolyte
[Ni(CO)4]
Tetracarbonylnickel(0)
Tetrahedral, neutral
[PtCl4]2-
Tetrachloridoplatinate(II)
Square planar
[Fe(CN)6]4-
Hexacyanidoferrate(II)
Octahedral, in K4[Fe(CN)6]
[Co(en)3]3+
Tris(ethane-1,2-diamine)cobalt(III)
Optical isomers, chelate
[Pt(NH3)2Cl2]
Diamminedichloridoplatinum(II)
Cis/trans, cisplatin cis
[Co(NH3)5NO2]2+
Pentaamminenitrito-N-cobalt(III)
Linkage isomer with ONO
K4[Fe(CN)6]
Potassium hexacyanidoferrate(II)
Prussian blue component
[Cr(NH3)3(H2O)3]Cl3
Triamminetriaquachromium(III) chloride
Heteroleptic
[Co(H2NCH2CH2NH2)3]2(SO4)3
Tris(ethane-1,2-diamine)cobalt(III) sulphate
Chelate, +3 charge each cation
[Ag(NH3)2][Ag(CN)2]
Diamminesilver(I) dicyanidoargentate(I)
Both ions complex
[Co(NH3)5Br]SO4
Pentaamminebromidocobalt(III) sulfate
Ionisation isomer with [Co(NH3)5SO4]Br
[Cr(H2O)6]Cl3
Hexaaquachromium(III) chloride
Solvate isomers with hydrates
[Co(NH3)4Cl2]+
Tetraamminedichloridocobalt(III)
Cis/trans geometrical
[PtCl6]2-
Hexachloridoplatinate(IV)
Octahedral CN6
[Ni(NH3)4]2+
Tetraamminenickel(II)
Square planar or tetrahedral
[Fe(C2O4)3]3-
Trioxalatoferrate(III)
CN6, didentate ligands
[Co(NH3)5ONO]2+
Pentaamminenitrito-O-cobalt(III)
Linkage with NO2
Tip: Memorize with names; practice writing. Group by type: Homoleptic, heteroleptic, isomers.
Derivations - Detailed Guide
Key derivations with steps; from PDF (e.g., valences from experiments, polyhedra). Expanded: Added more like oxidation calculation, CN from denticity, isomer identification.
Secondary Valence from AgCl
Step 1: Moles AgCl = primary Cl.
Step 2: Coordinated Cl = total Cl - primary.
Step 3: Secondary = coordinated groups + neutrals.
Ex: CoCl3·6NH3 3 AgCl, secondary 6 (6 NH3).
Step 4: Conductivity confirms electrolyte type.
Detailed: Werner used to distinguish ionisable/non.
Depth: Werner's evidence for theory.
Oxidation Number Calculation
Step 1: Identify complex charge.
Step 2: Sum ligand charges (neutral 0, anionic -1 etc).
Step 3: Oxidation = complex charge - ligand sum.
Ex: [Co(NH3)6]3+ charge +3, NH3 0x6=0, Co +3.
Ex: [Cu(CN)4]3- charge -3, CN -1x4=-4, Cu +1.
Step 4: Use in name as Roman.
Depth: Assume standard ligand charges from tables.
Coordination Number from Ligands
Step 1: Identify ligand denticity.
Step 2: CN = sum (denticity x number ligands).
Ex: [Co(en)3]3+ en didentate, 2x3=6.
Ex: [Fe(EDTA)]2- EDTA 6, CN6.
Step 3: Confirm with geometry.
Step 4: Sigma bonds only.
Depth: For ambidentate, depends on binding mode.
Identifying Isomers
Step 1: Check same empirical formula.
Step 2: Classify structural or stereo.
Step 3: For structural, check bond types (linkage etc).
Step 4: For stereo, draw arrangements, check mirror/superimpose.
Ex: CoCl3.4NH3 two with 1 AgCl, green/violet geometrical.
Step 5: Test properties like color, dipole.
Depth: Use models for visualisation.
Determining Electrolyte Type
Step 1: Count counter ions.
Step 2: Type 1:n where n = counter anions if cation complex.
Ex: [Co(NH3)6]Cl3 1:3.
Step 3: Measure conductivity solution.
Step 4: Correlate with AgCl test.
Step 5: Confirms formulation.
Depth: Werner's key experiment.
Tip: Step proofs; examples apply. Depth: Assumptions (neutral ligands 0). More: From PDF example 5.1 derivations.
Solved Examples & Exercise Questions - From Text & Exercises
All solved from PDF (e.g., 5.1, 5.2, 5.3); exercise Qs similar solved. Expanded: Added all intext, examples, exercises with steps.
Example 5.1: Secondary Valences
Simple Explanation: From AgCl precipitated. Detailed: On basis observations aqueous solutions assign secondary valences.
Step 1: Moles AgCl per mole compound.
Step 2: Primary = AgCl moles.
Step 3: Secondary = total groups - primary if all same type, but adjust for neutrals.
(i) PdCl2.4NH3 2, secondary 4 (4NH3 coordinated, 2Cl primary? Wait, formula PdCl2.4NH3, total Cl2, 2AgCl, so no Cl coordinated, secondary 4 NH3).
(ii) NiCl2.6H2O 2, secondary 6 H2O.
(iii) PtCl4.2HCl 0, secondary 6 (4Cl +2Cl from HCl? Formula PtCl4.2HCl, 0 AgCl, all Cl coordinated? Secondary 4? PDF says 6, perhaps PtCl6^2-).
5 attempts on CBSE Class 12 Board Examination quizzes
How scored 1/10 on Economics (Class 12) Ravi jatav scored 0/10 on Economics (Class 12) Ravi jatav scored 0/10 on Economics (Class 12) Ravi jatav scored 0/10 on Accountancy (Class 12) Dhara scored 3/10 on Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance How scored 1/10 on Economics (Class 12) Ravi jatav scored 0/10 on Economics (Class 12) Ravi jatav scored 0/10 on Economics (Class 12) Ravi jatav scored 0/10 on Accountancy (Class 12) Dhara scored 3/10 on Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance
#1
Economics (Class 12) Practice Quiz | CBSE Class 12 Board Examination
10 Qs · ~10 min
#2
Accountancy (Class 12) Practice Quiz | CBSE Class 12 Board Examination
10 Qs · ~10 min
#3
Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Fundamentals | CBSE Class 12 Board Examination
10 Qs · ~10 min
#4
Class 12 English — Memories of Childhood (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#5
Class 12 English — On the Face of It (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#6
Class 12 English — The Enemy (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#7
Class 12 English — Journey to the End of the Earth (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#8
Class 12 English — The Tiger King (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#9
Class 12 English — The Third Level (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#10
Class 12 English — Aunt Jennifer's Tigers (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#11
Class 12 English — A Roadside Stand (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#12
Class 12 English — A Thing of Beauty (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#13
Class 12 English — Keeping Quiet (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#14
Class 12 English — An Elementary School Classroom in a Slum (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#15
Class 12 English — My Mother at Sixty-six (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#16
Class 12 English — Going Places (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#17
Class 12 English — The Interview (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#18
Class 12 English — Poets and Pancakes (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#19
Class 12 English — Indigo (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#20
Class 12 English — The Rattrap (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#21
Class 12 English — Deep Water (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#22
Class 12 English — Lost Spring (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#23
Class 12 English — The Last Lesson (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#24
Class 12 Psychology — Social Influence and Group Processes (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#25
Class 12 Psychology — Attitude and Social Cognition (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#26
Class 12 Psychology — Therapeutic Approaches (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#27
Class 12 Psychology — Psychological Disorders (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#28
Class 12 Psychology — Meeting Life Challenges (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#29
Class 12 Psychology — Self and Personality (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#30
Class 12 Psychology — Variations in Psychological Attributes (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#31
Class 12 Sociology — Social Movements (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#32
Class 12 Sociology — Mass Media and Communications (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#33
Class 12 Sociology — Globalisation and Social Change (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#34
Class 12 Sociology — Change and Development in Industrial Society (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#35
Class 12 Sociology — Change and Development in Rural Society (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#36
Class 12 Sociology — The Constitution and Social Change (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#37
Class 12 Sociology — Cultural Change (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#38
Class 12 Sociology — Structural Change (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#39
Class 12 Sociology — The Challenges of Cultural Diversity (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#40
Class 12 Sociology — Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#41
Class 12 Sociology — The Market as a Social Institution (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#42
Class 12 Sociology — Social Institutions: Continuity and Change (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#43
Class 12 Sociology — The Demographic Structure of the Indian Society (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#44
Class 12 Sociology — Introducing Indian Society (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#45
Class 12 Political Science — Recent Developments in Indian Politics (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#46
Class 12 Political Science — Regional Aspirations (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#47
Class 12 Political Science — The Crisis of Democratic Order (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#48
Class 12 Political Science — Challenges to and Restoration of the Congress System (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#49
Class 12 Political Science — India's External Relations (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#50
Class 12 Political Science — Politics of Planned Development (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#51
Class 12 Political Science — Era of One-party Dominance (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#52
Class 12 Political Science — Challenges of Nation Building (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#53
Class 12 Political Science — Environment and Natural Resources (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#54
Class 12 Political Science — Security in the Contemporary World (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#55
Class 12 Political Science — International Organisations (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#56
Class 12 Political Science — Contemporary South Asia (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#57
Class 12 Political Science — Contemporary Centres of Power (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#58
Class 12 Political Science — The End of Bipolarity (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#59
Class 12 Geography — Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#60
Class 12 Geography — Planning and Sustainable Development in the Indian Context (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#61
Class 12 Geography — Mineral and Energy Resources (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#62
Class 12 Geography — Water Resources (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#63
Class 12 Geography — Land Resources and Agriculture (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#64
Class 12 Geography — Human Settlements (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#65
Class 12 Geography — Population: Distribution, Density, Growth and Composition (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#66
Class 12 Geography — International Trade (India) (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#67
Class 12 Geography — Transport and Communication (India) (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#68
Class 12 Geography — Tertiary and Quaternary Activities (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#69
Class 12 Geography — Secondary Activities (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#70
Class 12 Geography — Primary Activities (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#71
Class 12 Geography — Human Development (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#72
Class 12 Geography — The World Population: Distribution, Density and Growth (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#73
Class 12 Geography — Human Geography: Nature and Scope (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#74
Class 12 History — Framing the Constitution — The Beginning of a New Era (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#75
Class 12 History — Mahatma Gandhi and the Nationalist Movement — Civil Disobedience and Beyond (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#76
Class 12 History — Rebels and the Raj — The Revolt of 1857 and its Representations (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#77
Class 12 History — Colonialism and the Countryside — Exploring Official Archives (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#78
Class 12 History — Peasants, Zamindars and the State — Agrarian Society and the Mughal Empire (c. sixteenth-seventeenth centuries) (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#79
Class 12 History — An Imperial Capital: Vijayanagara (c. fourteenth to sixteenth century) (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#80
Class 12 History — Bhakti-Sufi Traditions — Changes in Religious Beliefs and Devotional Texts (c. eighth to eighteenth century) (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#81
Class 12 History — Through the Eyes of Travellers — Perceptions of Society (c. tenth to seventeenth century) (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#82
Class 12 History — Thinkers, Beliefs and Buildings — Cultural Developments (c. 600 BCE-600 CE) (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#83
Class 12 History — Kinship, Caste and Class — Early Societies (c. 600 BCE-600 CE) (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#84
Class 12 History — Kings, Farmers and Towns — Early States and Economies (c. 600 BCE-600 CE) (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#85
Class 12 History — Bricks, Beads and Bones — The Harappan Civilisation (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#86
Class 12 Economics — Open Economy Macroeconomics (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#87
Class 12 Economics — Government Budget and the Economy (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#88
Class 12 Economics — Determination of Income and Employment (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#89
Class 12 Economics — Money and Banking (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#90
Class 12 Economics — National Income Accounting (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#91
Class 12 Economics — Market Equilibrium (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#92
Class 12 Economics — The Theory of the Firm under Perfect Competition (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#93
Class 12 Economics — Production and Costs (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#94
Class 12 Economics — Theory of Consumer Behaviour (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#95
Class 12 Economics — Introduction (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#96
Class 12 Business Studies — Consumer Protection (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#97
Class 12 Business Studies — Marketing (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#98
Class 12 Business Studies — Financial Management (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#99
Class 12 Business Studies — Controlling (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#100
Class 12 Business Studies — Directing (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#101
Class 12 Business Studies — Staffing (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#102
Class 12 Business Studies — Organising (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#103
Class 12 Business Studies — Planning (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#104
Class 12 Business Studies — Business Environment (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#105
Class 12 Business Studies — Nature and Significance of Management (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#106
Class 12 Accountancy — Cash Flow Statement (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#107
Class 12 Accountancy — Accounting Ratios (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#108
Class 12 Accountancy — Analysis of Financial Statements (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#109
Class 12 Accountancy — Financial Statements of a Company (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#110
Class 12 Accountancy — Issue and Redemption of Debentures (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#111
Class 12 Accountancy — Accounting for Share Capital (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#112
Class 12 Accountancy — Dissolution of Partnership Firm (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#113
Class 12 Accountancy — Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm – Retirement/Death of a Partner (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#114
Class 12 Accountancy — Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm – Admission of a Partner (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#115
Class 12 Accountancy — Accounting for Partnership: Basic Concepts (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#116
Class 12 Maths — Probability (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#117
Class 12 Maths — Linear Programming (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#118
Class 12 Maths — Three Dimensional Geometry (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#119
Class 12 Maths — Vector Algebra (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#120
Class 12 Maths — Differential Equations (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#121
Class 12 Maths — Application of Integrals (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#122
Class 12 Maths — Integrals (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#123
Class 12 Maths — Application of Derivatives (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#124
Class 12 Maths — Continuity and Differentiability (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#125
Class 12 Maths — Determinants (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#126
Class 12 Maths — Matrices (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#127
Class 12 Maths — Inverse Trigonometric Functions (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#128
Class 12 Maths — Relations and Functions (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#129
Class 12 Biology — Biodiversity and its Conservation (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#130
Class 12 Biology — Ecosystem (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#131
Class 12 Biology — Organisms and Populations (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#132
Class 12 Biology — Biotechnology and its Applications (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#133
Class 12 Biology — Biotechnology: Principles and Processes (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#134
Class 12 Biology — Microbes in Human Welfare (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#135
Class 12 Biology — Human Health and Disease (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#136
Class 12 Biology — Evolution (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#137
Class 12 Biology — Molecular Basis of Inheritance (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#138
Class 12 Biology — Principles of Inheritance and Variation (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#139
Class 12 Biology — Reproductive Health (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#140
Class 12 Biology — Human Reproduction (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#141
Class 12 Biology — Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#142
Class 12 Chemistry — Biomolecules (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#143
Class 12 Chemistry — Amines (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#144
Class 12 Chemistry — Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#145
Class 12 Chemistry — Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#146
Class 12 Chemistry — Haloalkanes and Haloarenes (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#147
Class 12 Chemistry — Coordination Compounds (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#148
Class 12 Chemistry — The d- and f-Block Elements (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#149
Class 12 Chemistry — Chemical Kinetics (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#150
Class 12 Chemistry — Electrochemistry (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#151
Class 12 Chemistry — Solutions (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#152
Class 12 Physics — Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#153
Class 12 Physics — Nuclei (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#154
Class 12 Physics — Atoms (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#155
Class 12 Physics — Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#156
Class 12 Physics — Wave Optics (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#157
Class 12 Physics — Ray Optics and Optical Instruments (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#158
Class 12 Physics — Electromagnetic Waves (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#159
Class 12 Physics — Alternating Current (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#160
Class 12 Physics — Electromagnetic Induction (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#161
Class 12 Physics — Magnetism and Matter (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#162
Class 12 Physics — Moving Charges and Magnetism (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#163
Class 12 Physics — Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#164
Class 12 Physics — Electric Charges and Fields (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#165
Class 12 Business Studies — Principles of Management (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#166
CBSE Class 12 — Genetics and Evolution (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#167
CBSE Class 12 — Matrices and Determinants (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#168
CBSE Class 12 — Solutions and Colligative Properties (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#169
Class 12 Physics — Current Electricity (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#170
CBSE Class 12 — Electrostatics and Electric Field (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#171
Humanities Subjects Practice Quiz | CBSE Class 12 Board Examination
