Questions & Answers - CBSE Class 10 (60 from NCERT PDF)
20 Short (2M), 20 Medium (4M), 20 Long (8M) based on PDF exercises/content.
Short Questions (2 Marks Each) - 20 Total
1. Largest producing sector 1977-78? (PDF p.24)
Answer: Primary.
2. Largest producing sector 2017-18? (PDF p.24)
Answer: Tertiary.
3. Sector grown most over 40 years? (PDF p.24)
Answer: Tertiary.
4. NREGA year? (PDF p.28)
Answer: 2005.
5. GVA base prices? (PDF p.18)
Answer: 2011-12.
6. Primary sector example? (PDF p.20)
Answer: Agriculture.
7. Secondary sector example? (PDF p.20)
Answer: Manufacturing.
8. Tertiary sector example? (PDF p.20)
Answer: Transport.
9. Disguised unemployment sector? (PDF p.26)
Answer: Primary.
10. Organised sector feature? (PDF p.29)
Answer: Job security.
11. Public sector example? (PDF p.30)
Answer: Railways.
12. Private sector example? (PDF p.30)
Answer: Reliance.
13. NSSO full form? (PDF p.18)
Answer: National Sample Survey Organisation.
14. NSO full form? (PDF p.18)
Answer: National Statistical Office.
15. Final goods counted why? (PDF p.22)
Answer: Include intermediate value.
16. Developed countries dominant sector? (PDF p.23)
Answer: Tertiary.
17. Largest employer India? (PDF p.25)
Answer: Primary.
18. Unorganised sector issue? (PDF p.29)
Answer: Low pay.
19. NREGA days? (PDF p.28)
Answer: 100.
20. GVA measures? (PDF p.23)
Answer: Sector contribution.
Medium Questions (4 Marks Each) - 20 Total
1. Primary sector activities? (PDF p.20)
Answer: Primary sector involves activities using natural resources like agriculture, dairy, fishing, forestry, mining. For example, cotton cultivation depends on rainfall, sunshine; products are natural like milk, ores. It forms the base for other sectors, also called agriculture-related sector.
2. Secondary sector activities? (PDF p.20)
Answer: Secondary sector changes natural products into other forms via manufacturing, e.g., yarn from cotton fibre, sugar from sugarcane. It involves industrial processes in factories or homes; associated with industries.
3. Tertiary sector activities? (PDF p.20)
Answer: Tertiary sector aids primary/secondary development; e.g., transport, storage, banking, trade. It generates services, not goods; includes essential like teachers, doctors, and new IT-based like call centres.
4. Sectors interdependence? (PDF p.21)
Answer: Sectors highly interdependent; e.g., mill shuts without sugarcane (secondary on primary), higher fertiliser prices reduce farmer profits, transporter strikes cause food scarcity. Complete table to show reliance.
5. Final vs intermediate goods? (PDF p.22)
Answer: Final goods reach consumers (e.g., biscuits Rs 80); include intermediate value (wheat Rs 20, flour Rs 25). Intermediate used up in production; counting separately double-counts.
6. GDP calculation? (PDF p.23)
Answer: Sum of sector production values; shows economy size. Central ministry collects volume/prices data from states. Now uses GVA (after taxes/subsidies) for global alignment.
7. Historical sector shifts? (PDF p.23)
Answer: Developed countries: Initial primary, then secondary (factories), now tertiary. Over 100+ years; improved farming freed people for other activities.
8. Tertiary rise reasons? (PDF p.24)
Answer: Basic services (hospitals, post); primary/secondary development needs transport; rising incomes demand tourism, private schools; new IT services.
9. Service sector variations? (PDF p.25)
Answer: High-skilled/educated (e.g., software); low-skilled (shopkeepers, repairers) with bare living due to no alternatives. Not all growing equally.
10. Employment no shift why? (PDF p.25)
Answer: Insufficient jobs in secondary/tertiary despite GVA rise; primary remains largest employer.
11. Disguised unemployment? (PDF p.26)
Answer: More workers than needed; e.g., 8 on land for 5, removal doesn't reduce output. Common in primary (farms).
12. Create employment how? (PDF p.27)
Answer: Government: Irrigation, roads, credit, education. Examples: Loans for dal mills, tourism promotion.
13. NREGA features? (PDF p.28)
Answer: 2005 Act; 100 days guaranteed rural employment/year; right to work, unemployment allowance if not provided.
14. Organised sector? (PDF p.29)
Answer: Regular jobs, work hours, overtime pay, paid leave, PF, gratuity; secure, rule-bound (Factories Act).
15. Unorganised sector? (PDF p.29)
Answer: Small units, irregular jobs, low pay, no benefits; vulnerable, seasonal unemployment.
16. Public sector? (PDF p.30)
Answer: Government-owned; welfare motive, essential services (railways, post); employment security.
17. Private sector? (PDF p.30)
Answer: Profit-driven; owned by individuals/companies (TISCO, Reliance); government promotes via taxes, power.
18. Sources for information? (PDF p.18)
Answer: GVA from Economic Survey; employment from NSO surveys, Census.
19. Unorganised protection? (PDF p.29)
Answer: Government laws for overtime, minimum wages, safety; implementation needed.
20. GVA vs GDP? (PDF p.23)
Answer: GVA measures sector contribution after taxes/subsidies; GDP total final value.
Long Questions (8 Marks Each) - 20 Total
1. Largest producing sector 1977-78? (PDF p.24, NCERT Let's Work These Out)
Answer: The largest producing sector in 1977-78 was the primary sector. From Graph 1, it shows the highest GVA bar in blue for that year. This reflects India's initial development stage where agriculture and related activities dominated production. Over time, as per historical patterns in developed countries, shifts occur from primary to secondary and then tertiary. In India, by 2017-18, tertiary became largest. Discuss reasons: Natural resource dependence, low industrialisation then. For exams, link to Graph 2 share changes and employment mismatch where primary still employs most.
2. Sector grown most over 40 years? (PDF p.24, NCERT Let's Work These Out)
Answer: The tertiary sector has grown the most over forty years from 1977-78 to 2017-18. Graph 1 shows its GVA increase from smallest to largest bar. Reasons include basic services provision by government, development of primary/secondary needing transport/trade, rising incomes demanding tourism/private education, new IT services. However, not all services grow equally; some low-skilled with bare earnings. Contrast with employment (Graph 3) where no similar shift, leading to underemployment in primary. Explain implications for balanced development.
3. History of developed countries shifts? (PDF p.23, NCERT Let's Work These Out)
Answer: Developed countries indicate shifts: Initial primary dominance (agriculture employs/produces most). Improved farming produces surplus food, freeing people for crafts/trade. Then secondary rises with factories, cheap goods over 100+ years. Finally, tertiary becomes key in production/employment. In India, similar but incomplete: GVA shifted to tertiary, but employment stuck in primary. Discuss jumbled GDP calculation: Use values of final goods/services produced in year, not numbers or past years. Teacher calculation tip: Value added at each stage.
4. Comparison 1977-78 and 2017-18? (PDF p.24, NCERT Let's Work These Out)
Answer: Comparison shows tertiary rise as largest producer in 2017-18 from third in 1977-78; primary declined from largest. Total GVA grew massively. Conclusions: Economic development with service focus, but employment lag causes underemployment. Graph 2 confirms share changes. In developed nations, full shift including jobs; India needs more secondary/tertiary employment. Link to policy: NREGA for rural jobs, skill development.
5. Tertiary importance rising? (PDF p.24, NCERT Text)
Answer: Tertiary becoming important in India due to government basic services (hospitals, defence), primary/secondary growth demanding transport/storage, income rise leading to tourism/private hospitals, IT expansion (call centres). In 2017-18, largest GVA share. However, uneven: High-skilled vs low-skilled jobs. Contrast with developed countries' pattern. Discuss Graph 1/2; implications for unemployment solutions like education.
6. Employment shift not happened? (PDF p.25, NCERT Text)
Answer: While GVA shifted to tertiary, employment remains primary-dominant (Graph 3). Reason: Not enough secondary/tertiary jobs created. Leads to disguised unemployment in agriculture. In developed countries, full shift. India: More people in primary than needed. Solutions: Government investment in irrigation/roads, credit for non-farm activities, NREGA. Discuss impacts on productivity, need for skill training.
7. Disguised unemployment explain. (PDF p.26, NCERT Text)
Answer: Disguised unemployment is when more workers engaged than required; removing some doesn't reduce output, e.g., 8 family members on land needing 5. Common in primary sector (farms). Appears employed but marginal productivity zero. Differs from open unemployment. In India, primary employs 44% (2017-18) but low GVA. Solutions: Shift to non-farm via loans, tourism. Link to underemployment, NREGA role.
8. Create more employment. (PDF p.27, NCERT Text)
Answer: Government can create via irrigation/dams for multiple cropping, roads/markets for produce sale, cheap credit for equipment, education/health for skills. Examples: Loans for dal mills, cold storages, honey collection centres, tourism promotion. NREGA guarantees 100 days rural work. Private sector via industries. Discuss rural focus to reduce disguised unemployment, balanced growth.
9. Organised vs unorganised. (PDF p.29, NCERT Text)
Answer: Organised: Regular jobs, fixed hours, paid leave, PF, security; follows laws. Unorganised: Irregular, low pay, no benefits, vulnerable; small units outside control. Examples: Factory worker (organised), casual labour (unorganised). Protection: Government enforce minimum wages, safety in unorganised. Discuss why workers in unorganised despite risks: Limited organised jobs.
10. Public vs private sectors. (PDF p.30, NCERT Text)
Answer: Public: Government-owned, welfare motive, essential services (railways, AIIMS); secure jobs. Private: Profit-driven, owned by individuals (Infosys, TATA); efficient. Government promotes both: Public for equity (cheap power), private via infrastructure. Examples: Public - Post office; Private - Reliance. Discuss mixed economy role in India.
11. Sectors classification occupations. (PDF p.21, NCERT Let's Work These Out)
Answer: Primary: Flower cultivator, Fishermen, Gardener, Potter, Bee-keeper. Secondary: Basket weaver, Workers in match factory. Tertiary: Tailor, Milk vendor, Priest, Courier, Moneylender, Astronaut, Call centre employee. Discuss criterion: Nature of activity (natural, manufacturing, service). Useful like school classification (age-based).
12. Final goods importance. (PDF p.22, NCERT Text)
Answer: Only final goods counted in GDP to avoid double-counting; e.g., biscuits Rs 80 include flour Rs 25, wheat Rs 20. Intermediate used up. Example: Farmer sells wheat, mill flour, company biscuits. Values added at stages sum to final. Discuss precaution in calculation, ministry role.
13. GVA data sources. (PDF p.18, NCERT Notes)
Answer: GVA from Economic Survey (2011-12 prices); employment from NSO surveys (five-yearly), Census. Website: mospi.gov.in. Due to methodology change, latest not used in chapter. Teachers use internet for recent data to develop analytical ability.
14. Unemployment problems. (PDF p.18, NCERT Notes)
Answer: Chapter highlights unemployment from sector changes; government solutions like NREGA. Declining agriculture, growing services related to daily life. Encourage student discussions with workers, media cuttings on unorganised protection.
15. Historical change sectors. (PDF p.23, NCERT Text)
Answer: Developed: Primary to secondary (factories) to tertiary. India similar in GVA but not employment. Over 40 years, tertiary GVA rose most. Discuss Graph 1: Production growth, conclusions on development pattern.
16. Service sector new services. (PDF p.25, NCERT Text)
Answer: New services like IT (internet cafes, ATMs, call centres, software) important recently. Part of tertiary growth. However, sector employs varied: Skilled vs unskilled. Discuss rise reasons, uneven growth.
17. Underemployment in sectors. (PDF p.26, NCERT Text)
Answer: Underemployment more in primary; disguised type. Secondary/tertiary create fewer jobs. Graph 3 shows primary 44% employment but low GVA. Solutions: Shift workers via non-farm activities.
18. Protect unorganised workers. (PDF p.29, NCERT Text)
Answer: Unorganised vulnerable: Low pay, no security. Government: Enforce laws on wages, hours, safety; registration. Examples: Construction, small shops. Discuss why many in unorganised: Job scarcity.
19. Public sector role. (PDF p.30, NCERT Text)
Answer: Provides essential services private may not (e.g., railways for all); welfare, not profit. Government owns, ensures equity. Supports private via infrastructure. Discuss examples, mixed economy.
20. Interdependence examples. (PDF p.21, NCERT Table 2.1)
Answer: Farmers need secondary goods (tractors); secondary needs primary raw (cotton); tertiary transports all. Scenarios: No sugarcane-mill shutdown; higher pumpsets-cost rise. Complete table; discuss daily life links.
Practice Tip: 2M: 2min; 4M: 5min; 8M: 12min; use PDF graphs/examples.
