Complete Summary and Solutions for Meeting Life Challenges – NCERT Class XII Psychology, Chapter 3 – Understanding Stress, Types, Sources, Effects, Coping Strategies, Life Skills, and Promoting Positive Health and Well-being

This extensive chapter explores the nature, types, and sources of stress as common life challenges, including physical, psychological, and social stressors. It discusses the emotional, physiological, cognitive, and behavioural effects of stress, along with models like General Adaptation Syndrome. The chapter details various coping strategies, life skills essential for healthy living, stress management techniques, and factors promoting positive health and resilience. It also highlights the importance of a balanced lifestyle, social support, and positive attitude in maintaining well-being.

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Categories: NCERT, Class XII, Psychology, Chapter 3, Stress, Life Challenges, Coping Mechanisms, Life Skills, Positive Health, Resilience, Stress Management, Emotional Health, Physical Health, Summary, Questions, Answers

Tags: Stress, Coping, Life Skills, Resilience, Positive Health, Stress Management Techniques, Emotional Effects, Physiological Effects, Cognitive Effects, Behavioural Effects, Health, General Adaptation Syndrome, Social Support, Psychology, NCERT, Class 12, Chapter 3, Summary, Questions, Answers

Meeting Life Challenges - Class 12 Psychology Chapter 3 Ultimate Study Guide 2025

Full Chapter Summary & Detailed Notes - Meeting Life Challenges Class 12 NCERT

Overview & Key Concepts

Chapter Goal: Understand stress as life challenge, its nature/sources/effects, coping strategies, stress management, positive health promotion via life skills/resilience. Exam Focus: Types/sources stress, GAS, cognitive appraisal, coping styles, techniques (relaxation/yoga), life skills. 2025 Updates: Links to modern mental health apps for stress, resilience in pandemics. Fun Fact: Selye's "eustress" vs. "distress". Core Idea: Stress not always bad; depends on appraisal. Real-World: Exam anxiety coping. Expanded: All subtopics point-wise with evidence (e.g., Lazarus appraisal, Holmes-Rahe scale), examples (e.g., Raj's story), debates (e.g., physical vs. psychological stress).
Wider Scope: From Selye to modern; sources: Activities (3.1, 3.2), boxes (3.1 events, 3.2 anxiety, 3.3 resilience).
Expanded Content: Include socio-cultural stressors, role of lifestyle, psychometric vs. cognitive views; multi-disciplinary (e.g., biology in GAS, sociology in social stress).

Activity 3.1: Signs of Stress Description

Step-by-step: List signs (concentration lack, mood swings), tick applicable, discuss reduction with peers/teacher. Symbolizes subjective stress patterns.

Introduction

Life Challenges: Everyday problems (exams, loss, work); viewed as stress or growth. Ex: Raj's exam anxiety; depends on perception.
Stress Role: Mobilizes resources; eustress positive (motivates), distress negative (harms).
Expanded: Evidence: Challenges build resilience; debates: Inevitable vs. avoidable; real: Orphan child coping.

Nature, Types and Sources of Stress

Nature: Response to disruptive events (stressors); strain reaction; non-specific (Selye).
Appraisal (Lazarus): Primary (harm/threat/challenge), secondary (coping resources).
Types: Physical/environmental (noise, injury), psychological (frustration, conflicts), social (relationships).
Sources: Life events (changes), hassles (daily), traumatic (disasters).
Expanded: Evidence: Latin origins (tighten); debates: Subjective vs. objective; real: Traffic hassles.

Fig.3.1: Psychological Meaning of Stress Description

Diagram shows stressor → strain; cause/effect overlap; electricity analogy for eustress/distress.

Fig.3.2: A General Model of the Stress Process

Flow: Stressors (dimensions: intensity/duration/complexity/predictability) → appraisal (primary/secondary) → responses (physiological/emotional/behavioral/cognitive) → outcomes; influenced by person factors (health, psychology, culture, resources).

Box 3.1: A Measure of Stressful Life Events

Holmes-Rahe scale; Indian PSLE (Singh et al.); scores (e.g., death 66); avg 2/year without illness; low correlation with illness.

Effects of Stress on Psychological Functioning and Health

Emotional: Mood swings, anxiety, depression.
Physiological: Adrenaline/cortisol release; fight-flight.
Cognitive: Overload, concentration loss.
Behavioral: Fight/flight; erratic.
Stress and Health: Weakens immunity; lifestyle diseases.
General Adaptation Syndrome (Selye): Alarm (resist), resistance (adapt), exhaustion (deplete).
Stress and Immune System: Suppresses; psychoneuroimmunology.
Lifestyle: Unhealthy habits worsen.
Expanded: Evidence: GAS stages; debates: Non-specific response; real: Chronic stress illness.

Box 3.2: Examination Anxiety

Signs: Worry, physical symptoms; coping: Preparation, relaxation.

Coping with Stress

Coping: Manage demands; problem-focused (solve), emotion-focused (regulate).
Stress Management Techniques: Relaxation (breathing), exercise, cognitive therapy, social support.
Expanded: Evidence: Freud defense; debates: Active vs. passive; real: Yoga reduces cortisol.

Promoting Positive Health and Well-being

Life Skills: Thinking (critical/creative), social (communication/empathy), emotional (self-aware/stress manage).
Resilience: Bounce back; factors: Optimism, support.
Expanded: Evidence: Positive psychology; debates: Innate vs. learned; real: Resilient post-trauma.

Box 3.3: Resilience and Health

Traits: Hardiness (commitment/control/challenge); building via skills/support.

Why This Guide Stands Out

Comprehensive: All subtopics point-wise, 2+ diagram descriptions; 2025 with links (e.g., apps in management), theories analyzed for depth.

Key Themes & Tips

Aspects: Stress process, effects, coping, promotion.
Tip: Memorize GAS stages, appraisal types; compare coping; debate eustress/distress.

Exam Case Studies

Appraisal in Raj; GAS in chronic stress; life skills application.

Project & Group Ideas

Stress diary analysis.
Debate: Is stress always harmful?
Role-play coping techniques.

Key Definitions & Terms - Complete Glossary

All terms from chapter; detailed with examples, relevance. Expanded: 40+ terms grouped by subtopic; added advanced like "eustress", "GAS".

Stress Nature

Eustress: Positive stress level. Ex: Motivates performance. Relevance: Peak achievement.

Distress

Negative stress effects. Ex: Causes wear/tear. Relevance: Health damage.

Stressor

Disruptive event. Ex: Noise. Relevance: Causes strain.

Strain

Reaction to stressor. Ex: Physiological change. Relevance: Body response.

Primary Appraisal

Event perception (harm/threat/challenge). Ex: Exam as challenge. Relevance: Initial view.

Secondary Appraisal

Coping resources assessment. Ex: Skills/support. Relevance: Feasibility.

Physical Stress

Body demands. Ex: Injury. Relevance: Strain sources.

Environmental Stress

Surroundings aspects. Ex: Pollution. Relevance: Unavoidable.

Psychological Stress

Mind-generated. Ex: Frustration. Relevance: Internal.

Social Stress

Interaction-induced. Ex: Relationship break. Relevance: External people.

Frustration

Blocked goals. Ex: Discrimination. Relevance: Psychological source.

Conflicts

Incompatible motives. Ex: Study/job. Relevance: Internal pressure.

Life Events

Changes big/small. Ex: Death. Relevance: Upheaval.

Hassles

Daily annoyances. Ex: Traffic. Relevance: Cumulative.

Traumatic Events

Extreme disasters. Ex: Earthquake. Relevance: Long effects.

Emotional Effects

Mood swings/anxiety. Ex: Depression. Relevance: Alienation.

Physiological Effects

Hormone changes. Ex: Heart rate up. Relevance: Damage long-term.

Cognitive Effects

Mental overload. Ex: Concentration loss. Relevance: Decision harm.

Behavioral Effects

Fight/flight. Ex: Erratic actions. Relevance: Limitless responses.

General Adaptation Syndrome

Alarm/resistance/exhaustion. Ex: Chronic depletion. Relevance: Body stages.

Psychoneuroimmunology

Stress-immunity link. Ex: Suppresses. Relevance: Health impact.

Coping

Manage demands. Ex: Problem/emotion-focused. Relevance: Resolution.

Problem-Focused Coping

Solve stressor. Ex: Planning. Relevance: Controllable situations.

Emotion-Focused Coping

Regulate emotions. Ex: Denial. Relevance: Uncontrollable.

Stress Management Techniques

Relaxation/exercise. Ex: Yoga. Relevance: Reduce effects.

Life Skills

Thinking/social/emotional. Ex: Critical thinking. Relevance: Positive health.

Resilience

Bounce back. Ex: Hardiness. Relevance: Overcome adversity.

Hardiness

Commitment/control/challenge. Ex: Resilient traits. Relevance: Stress buffer.

Optimism

Positive outlook. Ex: Resilience factor. Relevance: Health promotion.

Social Support

Networks help. Ex: Friends. Relevance: Coping aid.

Examination Anxiety

Stress from exams. Ex: Worry/sweat. Relevance: Common student.

Holmes-Rahe Scale

Life events stress measure. Ex: Scores sum. Relevance: Predict illness.

PSLE Scale

Indian life events. Ex: Adapted. Relevance: Cultural fit.

Fight-or-Flight

Sympathetic response. Ex: Adrenaline. Relevance: Immediate action.

Catecholamines

Epinephrine/norepinephrine. Ex: Energy surge. Relevance: Physiological.

Cortisol

Stress hormone. Ex: Provides energy. Relevance: Long-term.

Alarm Stage

Initial resistance. Ex: Mobilize. Relevance: GAS first.

Resistance Stage

Adaptation. Ex: Cope. Relevance: GAS middle.

Exhaustion Stage

Depletion. Ex: Illness. Relevance: GAS end.

Positive Health

Well-being promotion. Ex: Skills/resilience. Relevance: Beyond absence illness.

Tip: Group by type (nature/effects/coping); examples for recall. Depth: Debates (e.g., eustress benefits). Errors: Confuse appraisal types. Historical: Selye GAS. Interlinks: To Ch4 health. Advanced: Psychoneuroimmunology. Real-Life: Pandemic resilience. Graphs: Stress curve. Coherent: Evidence → Interpretation. For easy learning: Flashcard per term with example.

60+ Questions & Answers - NCERT Based (Class 12) - From Exercises & Variations

Based on chapter + expansions. Part A: 10 (1 mark, one line), Part B: 10 (4 marks, five lines), Part C: 10 (6 marks, eight lines). Answers point-wise in black text.

Part A: 1 Mark Questions (10 Qs - Short)

1. What is eustress?

1 Mark Answer:

Positive stress level that motivates peak performance and minor crisis management.

2. Who proposed the cognitive appraisal theory?

1 Mark Answer:

Richard Lazarus and colleagues.

3. What is primary appraisal?

1 Mark Answer:

Perception of event as harm, threat, or challenge.

4. Name one type of stress.

1 Mark Answer:

Physical and environmental stress.

5. What is frustration?

1 Mark Answer:

Blocking of needs or motives.

6. What are hassles?

1 Mark Answer:

Daily personal stresses like noisy surroundings.

7. What is GAS?

1 Mark Answer:

General Adaptation Syndrome by Hans Selye.

8. What is coping?

1 Mark Answer:

Efforts to manage stressful demands.

9. Name one life skill.

1 Mark Answer:

Critical thinking for problem-solving.

10. What is resilience?

1 Mark Answer:

Ability to bounce back from adversity.

Part B: 4 Marks Questions (10 Qs - Medium, Exactly 5 Lines Each)

1. Explain the nature of stress.

4 Marks Answer:

Stress is response to disruptive events disturbing equilibrium.
Eustress positive for performance; distress causes wear/tear.
Non-specific body response per Selye; patterns vary.
Embedded in transaction with environment; cognitive state.
Depends on appraisal and resources to cope.

2. Describe cognitive appraisal process.

4 Marks Answer:

Primary: Event as positive/neutral/negative (harm/threat/challenge).
Harm: Past damage; threat: Future damage.
Challenge: Confident coping with profit potential.
Secondary: Assess resources (mental/physical/social).
Determines stress level and responses.

3. Outline types of stress.

4 Marks Answer:

Physical: Body changes (injury, overexertion).
Environmental: Surroundings (noise, pollution, disasters).
Psychological: Mind-generated (frustration, conflicts).
Social: Interactions (relationships, illness in family).
Interrelated; vary by person.

4. What are sources of psychological stress?

4 Marks Answer:

Frustration: Blocked goals (discrimination, hurt).
Conflicts: Incompatible motives (study vs. job).
Internal pressures: Perfection expectations.
Social pressures: Excessive demands, clashes.
Unique; cause anxiety/depression.

5. Describe life events as stress sources.

4 Marks Answer:

Big/small changes from birth; disturb routine.
Planned (move house) or unpredicted (break-up).
Multiple in short time hard to cope.
Holmes-Rahe scale measures; avg 2/year healthy.
Low illness correlation; factors like age/support.

6. Explain effects of stress.

4 Marks Answer:

Emotional: Mood swings, anxiety, depression.
Physiological: Hormone release, heart rate up.
Cognitive: Overload, concentration loss.
Behavioral: Fight/flight, erratic actions.
Vary by intensity/duration; negative prolonged.

7. Describe General Adaptation Syndrome.

4 Marks Answer:

Alarm: Initial resistance, fight-flight.
Resistance: Adaptation, cope stressor.
Exhaustion: Deplete resources, illness.
Selye model; non-specific response.
Prolonged leads to health damage.

8. What is coping with stress?

4 Marks Answer:

Efforts manage demands exceeding resources.
Problem-focused: Solve stressor directly.
Emotion-focused: Regulate emotional response.
Depends on controllability of situation.
Ex: Planning vs. denial/distancing.

9. Outline stress management techniques.

4 Marks Answer:

Relaxation: Breathing/muscle techniques.
Exercise: Reduces tension, boosts mood.
Cognitive therapy: Change negative thoughts.
Social support: Share burdens.
Prevent/reduce stress effects.

10. What are life skills for positive health?

4 Marks Answer:

Thinking: Critical/creative for problems.
Social: Communication/empathy/assertiveness.
Emotional: Self-aware, stress/emotion manage.
Promote well-being, handle challenges.
Ex: Decision-making for choices.

Part C: 6 Marks Questions (10 Qs - Long, Exactly 8 Lines Each)

1. Discuss the stress process model.

6 Marks Answer:

Stressors: Events disrupt equilibrium (intensity/duration/complexity/predictability).
Appraisal: Primary (harm/threat/challenge), secondary (resources).
Responses: Physiological (hormones), emotional (anxiety), behavioral (fight/flight), cognitive (thoughts).
Person factors: Health, psychology, culture, resources influence.
Lazarus cognitive theory; subjective perception key.
Ex: Exam as challenge with skills = less stress.
Debate: Individual vs. universal responses.
Real: Workload appraisal varies by support.

2. Evaluate sources of stress.

6 Marks Answer:

Life events: Changes (death 66, illness 52); Holmes-Rahe measures.
Hassles: Daily (traffic, neighbors); cumulative poor well-being.
Traumatic: Disasters (earthquake); flashbacks/anxiety persist.
Psychological: Frustration/conflicts/internal/social pressures.
Physical/environmental: Injury/pollution/catastrophic.
Social: Relationships/illness in family.
Debate: Major vs. minor impact.
Real: Multiple events increase vulnerability.

3. Explain effects on functioning and health.

6 Marks Answer:

Emotional: Swings/anxiety/depression; alienates.
Physiological: Adrenaline/cortisol; heart/blood changes.
Cognitive: Overload/concentration loss/thoughts.
Behavioral: Erratic/fight/flight limitless.
Health: Immunity suppress; diseases/lifestyle worsen.
GAS: Alarm/resistance/exhaustion stages.
Debate: Short beneficial vs. long harmful.
Real: Chronic leads to burnout.

4. Describe General Adaptation Syndrome and immunity.

6 Marks Answer:

GAS (Selye): Non-specific; alarm (mobilize), resistance (adapt), exhaustion (illness).
Prolonged depletes; health damage.
Immunity: Stress suppresses via psychoneuroimmunology.
Hormones reduce white cells; infections rise.
Lifestyle: Unhealthy habits compound effects.
Ex: Chronic work stress weakens defense.
Debate: Universal vs. individual patterns.
Real: Exam period colds common.

5. Discuss coping strategies.

6 Marks Answer:

Coping: Manage exceeding demands; problem-focused (solve), emotion-focused (regulate).
Problem: Planning/confront; for controllable.
Emotion: Denial/distancing; for uncontrollable.
Depends on appraisal/situation.
Effective reduces stress; maladaptive worsens.
Ex: Seek help problem; meditate emotion.
Debate: Active better than passive.
Real: Therapy changes appraisal.

6. Explain stress management techniques.

6 Marks Answer:

Relaxation: Breathing/muscle progressive; reduces tension.
Biofeedback: Control physiological (heart rate).
Meditation: Focus/mindfulness; calms.
Cognitive: Change thoughts/appraisals.
Exercise: Endorphins boost; health improve.
Social support: Share/emotional aid.
Debate: Preventive vs. reactive.
Real: Yoga lowers cortisol.

7. What are life skills for well-being?

6 Marks Answer:

Thinking: Critical (analyze), creative (ideas).
Social: Communication (express), interpersonal (relations), empathy (understand), assertiveness (rights).
Emotional: Self-aware (emotions), stress manage (cope), emotion manage (regulate).
Decision-making: Choices evaluate.
Problem-solving: Solutions find.
Promote positive health/resilience.
Debate: Taught vs. innate.
Real: School programs build.

8. Discuss resilience and health.

6 Marks Answer:

Resilience: Recover from adversity; bounce back.
Factors: Optimism (positive), hardiness (commitment/control/challenge).
Social support: Networks aid coping.
Build via skills/training/experiences.
Promotes positive health/well-being.
Ex: Resilient handle loss better.
Debate: Personality vs. environment.
Real: Trauma survivors thrive.

9. Compare problem and emotion-focused coping.

6 Marks Answer:

Problem: Targets stressor; planning/confront/seek help.
Effective controllable situations; reduces source.
Emotion: Targets response; denial/distancing/positive reappraisal.
Effective uncontrollable; regulates feelings.
Both adaptive; depend on appraisal.
Ex: Job loss seek new (problem); accept (emotion).
Debate: Which superior long-term.
Real: Therapy teaches balance.

10. Evaluate misuses of life events scales.

6 Marks Answer:

Scales like Holmes-Rahe predict stress; scores sum events.
Low illness correlation; weak association.
Debate: Cause stress or result from it.
Factors: Age/frequency/duration/support modify impact.
Misuse: Overgeneralize without individual context.
Ex: Same event varies by person.
Strength: Identify vulnerable; avg 2/year healthy.
Real: Cultural adaptations like PSLE.

Tip: Diagrams for GAS/appraisal; practice lines. Additional 30 Qs: Variations on effects, techniques.

Key Concepts - In-Depth Exploration

Core ideas with examples, pitfalls, interlinks. Expanded: All concepts with steps/examples/pitfalls for easy learning. Depth: Debates, analysis.

Stress Nature

Steps: 1. Disrupt equilibrium, 2. Appraisal perceives, 3. Response non-specific. Ex: Exam as threat. Pitfall: Ignore eustress. Interlink: Effects. Depth: Subjective transaction.

Appraisal

Steps: 1. Primary harm/threat/challenge, 2. Secondary resources assess, 3. Determine stress. Ex: Challenge confident. Pitfall: Overlook secondary. Interlink: Coping. Depth: Lazarus model.

Stress Types

Steps: 1. Physical body, 2. Environmental surroundings, 3. Psychological mind, 4. Social interactions. Ex: Noise environmental. Pitfall: Not interrelated. Interlink: Sources. Depth: Vary intensity.

Psychological Sources

Steps: 1. Frustration block, 2. Conflicts incompatible, 3. Pressures internal/social. Ex: Perfection pressure. Pitfall: Symptoms as causes. Interlink: Effects. Depth: Unique personal.

Social Sources

Steps: 1. Interactions induce, 2. Vary person. Ex: Family illness. Pitfall: Ignore variability. Interlink: Hassles. Depth: External people demands.

Life Events

Steps: 1. Changes disrupt, 2. Planned/unpredicted, 3. Multiple overwhelm. Ex: Move house. Pitfall: Positive ignored. Interlink: Scale. Depth: Cumulative impact.

Hassles/Traumatic

Steps: 1. Daily accumulate, 2. Traumatic persist. Ex: Traffic/earthquake. Pitfall: Underestimate hassles. Interlink: Effects. Depth: Devastating alone.

Effects

Steps: 1. Emotional swings, 2. Physiological hormones, 3. Cognitive overload, 4. Behavioral erratic. Ex: Anxiety mood. Pitfall: Short-term only. Interlink: GAS. Depth: Vicious circles.

GAS

Steps: 1. Alarm mobilize, 2. Resistance adapt, 3. Exhaustion deplete. Ex: Chronic illness. Pitfall: Non-specific debate. Interlink: Immunity. Depth: Body limits.

Stress-Health

Steps: 1. Suppress immunity, 2. Lifestyle worsen, 3. Diseases rise. Ex: Cortisol infections. Pitfall: Ignore psychoneuro. Interlink: Coping. Depth: Long-term damage.

Coping

Steps: 1. Problem solve, 2. Emotion regulate, 3. Appraisal based. Ex: Planning/denial. Pitfall: Maladaptive. Interlink: Techniques. Depth: Adaptive strategies.

Management Techniques

Steps: 1. Relax body, 2. Exercise endorphins, 3. Cognitive reframe, 4. Support share. Ex: Yoga calm. Pitfall: One-size-fits-all. Interlink: Life skills. Depth: Preventive.

Life Skills

Steps: 1. Thinking analyze, 2. Social communicate, 3. Emotional manage. Ex: Empathy relations. Pitfall: Not practiced. Interlink: Resilience. Depth: WHO 10 core.

Resilience

Steps: 1. Hardiness commit/control/challenge, 2. Optimism positive, 3. Support networks. Ex: Bounce from loss. Pitfall: Innate myth. Interlink: Health. Depth: Buildable.

Advanced: GAS timeline, appraisal flow. Pitfalls: Ignore cultural. Interlinks: Ch2 self. Real: Apps track stress. Depth: 14 concepts details. Examples: Real cases. Graphs: GAS stages. Errors: Confuse coping. Tips: Steps evidence; compare tables (types/sources).

Solved Examples - From Text with Simple Explanations

Expanded with evidence, calcs; focus on applications, analysis. Added appraisal, GAS, coping.

Example 1: Cognitive Appraisal

Simple Explanation: Perceive event/response.

Step 1: Primary: Exam threat.
Step 2: Harm past failure.
Step 3: Secondary: Skills/support assess.
Step 4: If sufficient, less stress.
Simple Way: Filter decides reaction.

Example 2: GAS Stages

Simple Explanation: Body adapts then depletes.

Step 1: Alarm: Heart up, mobilize.
Step 2: Resistance: Cope, hormones sustain.
Step 3: Exhaustion: Resources end, illness.
Step 4: Prolonged stressor harm.
Simple Way: Battery charge/drain.

Example 3: Coping Application

Simple Explanation: Choose strategy.

Step 1: Appraise controllable?
Step 2: Problem: Plan solve.
Step 3: Emotion: Reappraise positive.
Step 4: Combine for best.
Simple Way: Toolbox for situation.

Example 4: Life Events Score

Simple Explanation: Sum changes.

Step 1: List past year (death 66).
Step 2: Weighted sum calculate.
Step 3: >150 high risk illness.
Step 4: Factors modify (support).
Simple Way: Points predict vulnerability.

Example 5: Resilience Building

Simple Explanation: Develop traits.

Step 1: Hardiness commit/control/challenge.
Step 2: Optimism positive frame.
Step 3: Support seek networks.
Step 4: Skills practice daily.
Simple Way: Muscle strengthen adversity.

Example 6: Stress Management

Simple Explanation: Techniques reduce.

Step 1: Relax breathe deep.
Step 2: Exercise release endorphins.
Step 3: Cognitive challenge thoughts.
Step 4: Support talk out.
Simple Way: Daily habits buffer.

Tip: Practice self-appraisal; troubleshoot (e.g., why exhaustion?). Added for effects, skills.

Key Terms & Processes - All Key

Expanded table 40+ rows; quick ref. Added advanced (e.g., eustress, psychoneuroimmunology).

Term/Process	Description	Example	Usage
Eustress	Positive stress	Motivates	Performance
Distress	Negative effects	Wear/tear	Damage
Stressor	Disruptive event	Noise	Strain cause
Strain	Reaction	Phys change	Response
Primary Appraisal	Event perception	Harm/threat	Initial
Secondary Appraisal	Resources assess	Skills/support	Feasibility
Physical Stress	Body demands	Injury	Strain
Environmental Stress	Surroundings	Pollution	Unavoidable
Psychological Stress	Mind-generated	Frustration	Internal
Social Stress	Interactions	Break-up	External
Frustration	Blocked goals	Discrimination	Psych source
Conflicts	Incompatible motives	Study/job	Pressure
Internal Pressures	Self-expectations	Perfection	Disappointment
Social Pressures	Others demands	Clash	Interpersonal
Life Events	Changes	Death	Upheaval
Hassles	Daily annoyances	Traffic	Cumulative
Traumatic Events	Disasters	Earthquake	Persist
Emotional Effects	Swings/anxiety	Depression	Alienation
Physiological Effects	Hormones change	Heart up	Damage
Cognitive Effects	Overload	Concentration loss	Decision
Behavioral Effects	Fight/flight	Erratic	Responses
General Adaptation Syndrome	Stages alarm/resist/exhaust	Chronic	Body response
Psychoneuroimmunology	Stress-immunity	Suppress	Health link
Coping	Manage demands	Problem/emotion	Resolution
Problem-Focused	Solve stressor	Planning	Controllable
Emotion-Focused	Regulate response	Denial	Uncontrollable
Relaxation Techniques	Breathing/muscle	Tension reduce	Management
Biofeedback	Control phys	Heart rate	Self-reg
Meditation	Focus/mindful	Calm	Stress reduce
Cognitive Therapy	Reframe thoughts	Negative change	Appraisal
Exercise	Physical activity	Endorphins	Mood boost
Social Support	Networks help	Share burdens	Coping aid
Life Skills	Thinking/social/emotional	Critical	Well-being
Critical Thinking	Analyze evaluate	Problems	Decision
Creative Thinking	New ideas	Solutions	Innovation
Communication	Express clear	Relations	Social
Empathy	Understand feelings	Others	Interpersonal
Assertiveness	Rights express	No say	Self-respect
Self-Awareness	Emotions know	Strengths	Emotional
Resilience	Bounce back	Adversity	Recovery