Security in the Contemporary World – NCERT Class XII Political Science, Contemporary World Politics, Chapter 5

This chapter examines traditional and non-traditional notions of security, exploring military threats, balance of power, alliances, disarmament, arms control, human security, environmental threats, terrorism, and the challenges faced by India in safeguarding its security interests. Through case studies and current examples, it highlights the complexity of security in a globalized world.

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Categories: NCERT, Class XII, Political Science, Contemporary World Politics, Chapter 5, Security, Military Threats, Human Security, Terrorism, Arms Control, Environmental Security, India, Global Security, Summary, Questions, Answers

Tags: Security, National Security, Human Security, Traditional Security, Non-Traditional Security, Terrorism, Arms Control, Disarmament, Peacekeeping, Environment, Global Warming, India, NCERT, Class 12, Political Science, Contemporary World Politics, Chapter 5, Summary, Questions, Answers

Security in the Contemporary World - Class 12 Political Science Chapter 5 Ultimate Study Guide 2025

Full Chapter Summary & Detailed Notes - Security in the Contemporary World Class 12 NCERT

Overview & Key Concepts

Chapter Goal: Explores 'security' meanings, traditional (state/military-focused) vs. non-traditional (human/global threats) views, new threats like terrorism/poverty, cooperative strategies, India's approach. Exam Focus: Core values threats, deterrence/defence, human security debates, India's four components; 2025 Updates: Links to Ukraine war (traditional), climate migration (non-traditional). Fun Fact: 1994 UNDP report shifted focus to 'people' over states. Core Idea: Security slippery—varies by context; balance external/internal, military/non-military. Real-World: Ties to UN peacekeeping, India's nuclear tests. Expanded: All subtopics point-wise with evidence (e.g., treaties), examples (e.g., Rwanda genocide), debates (e.g., narrow vs. broad human security); added post-2022 contexts like COVID/global warming.
Wider Scope: From Cold War national security to post-1990s human/global challenges; sources: UNDP reports, cartoons, maps.
Expanded Content: Include timeline table, image desc, strategy impacts; multi-disciplinary (e.g., economics in poverty threats).

Security Threats Images Description (Page 1)

Three images: 1. Women/children fleeing violence (internal threats). 2. Armed conflict scene (military dangers). 3. Environmental disaster (non-traditional risks). Reflects UNDP 1994: Security for people in daily lives, not just states.

What is Security?

Basic Definition: Freedom from threats to human existence/country life; not every threat qualifies—only those endangering 'core values' (e.g., sovereignty, life).
Core Values Debate: Whose values? State (govt) vs. citizens (ordinary people)? Intensity matters—extreme threats only (irreparable damage).
Slippery Concept: Varies by society/time; post-WWII focus shifted; two groups: traditional (military/state) vs. non-traditional (human/global).
Expanded: Evidence: Everyday threats (robbery) vs. existential (war); debates: Citizen input in security? Ex: Movies portray secrecy, but democracy demands openness.

Taming Peace Cartoon Description (Page 2)

Cartoon: Peacekeeping force paradox—soldiers 'taming' peace dove with net. By Ares, Cagle Cartoons. Highlights irony: Military for peace?

Traditional Notions: External

Core Focus: Military threats from other states to sovereignty, territorial integrity, citizen lives.
Govt Choices: Surrender (rarely advertised), deterrence (raise war costs), defence (deny attacker goals).
Balance of Power: Maintain favorable military/economic/tech power vs. stronger neighbors; build-up key.
Alliance Building: Coalitions (e.g., Warsaw Pact) to deter/defend; interests-based, changeable (e.g., US backed Afghan militants vs. Soviets, later fought Al Qaeda).
International Anarchy: No global authority; states self-secure (UN limited by members).
Expanded: Evidence: Nuclear club bias (big powers trust vs. others); debates: Alliances stable? Ex: Cold War bipolarity.

Nuclear Status Cartoon Description (Page 4)

Cartoon: Big powers in club smoking cigars, denying entry to new nuclear claimants. By Christo Komarnitski, Cagle. Questions: Trust basis?

Traditional Notions: Internal

Internal Peace Essential: Violence inside borders undermines external readiness; post-WWII, powerful states (US/USSR) assumed internal security.
Cold War Contexts: US-West vs. Soviet alliances; European colonial fears (e.g., France in Vietnam, Britain in Kenya).
New States Challenges: Post-1940s Asia/Africa: Neighbor conflicts (borders/territory), internal separatists (e.g., Nagaland); external-internal merge (neighbor aid to rebels).
Stats: Internal wars >95% of global armed conflicts; 12-fold civil war rise 1946-1991.
Expanded: Evidence: Third World wars (1/3 post-WWII); debates: Colonies to independents—same threats? Ex: List weekly newspaper conflicts activity.

Third World Arms Cartoon Description (Page 6)

Cartoon: Arms dealer selling to poor nations. By Ares, Cagle. Shows economic burden of military prep.

Traditional Security and Cooperation

War Limits: Just causes (self-defence, anti-genocide); means: Avoid non-combatants, excessive violence; exhaust alternatives first.
Disarmament: Give up weapons (e.g., 1972 BWC, 1997 CWC—155/193 states, incl. great powers).
Arms Control: Regulate acquisition (e.g., 1972 ABM Treaty limited missile shields; SALT II, START; 1968 NPT—pre-1967 nuclear states keep, others abstain).
Confidence Building: Share military info/plans to avoid misperception (e.g., no surprise attacks).
Expanded: Evidence: Superpowers resisted nuclear disarmament; debates: Treaties effective? Ex: NPT limits spread but not abolition.

Terror Meter Cartoon Description (Page 7)

Cartoon: US Homeland Security 'Terror Meter' dial (low to severe). Satirizes fear-mongering; text: Move indicator to threat level.

Economy of War Cartoon Description (Page 3)

Cartoon: War as economic machine (inputs: insecurity/deaths, output: security?). By Ares, Cagle. Questions war's security value.

Non-Traditional Notions

Beyond Military: Threats to human existence (hunger, disease, disasters); referent: Individuals/communities/humanity, not just state.
Human Security: Protect people > states; narrow (violence focus, Kofi Annan: internal violence) vs. broad (incl. want/fear, economic/dignity threats).
Global Security: 1990s response to transnational issues (warming, terrorism, epidemics); requires cooperation (e.g., 1.5-2m sea rise floods 20% Bangladesh).
Expanded: Evidence: Last 100 years—more govt killings than foreign armies; debates: Broad too vague? Ex: Freedom from want/fear.

Defence Expenditure Cartoon Description (Page 8)

Cartoon: US massive defence budget vs. tiny peace initiatives. By Andy Singer, Cagle. Comments: Prioritize peace?

New Sources of Threats

Terrorism: Political violence targeting civilians indiscriminately; international if multi-country; aims: Change contexts via fear (e.g., 9/11, hijackings/bombs in Middle East/Europe/Latin America/South Asia).
Human Rights: Three types—political (speech), economic/social, colonized/ethnic rights; debate: Universal? UN intervention (e.g., Iraq/Kuwait, Rwanda genocide, East Timor)? Charter empowers but power interests decide.
Global Poverty: 760cr world pop to 1000cr by 2050; half growth in 6 countries (India/China/etc.); poor triple, rich shrink; North-South gap, South disparities (e.g., sub-Saharan Africa poorest, most conflicts).
Migration/Refugees: South poverty → North migration; refugees (war/disaster/persecution) vs. migrants (voluntary); internally displaced (e.g., Kashmiri Pandits); 1990-95: 93 wars killed 55L, generated millions refugees; 60/63 flows tied to internal conflicts.
Health Epidemics: HIV-AIDS (4cr infected 2003, 2/3 Africa), bird flu, SARS spread via migration/tourism; animal epidemics (mad-cow, bird flu) economic hits; interdependence demands cooperation.
Contextual Variation: Threats differ locally (e.g., Maldives warming submersion, Botswana HIV 1/3 adults, Rwanda 1994 Tutsi genocide 5L killed).
Expanded: Evidence: 2017 UNHCR pie chart—30% refugees Africa, 26% Middle East/North Africa; debates: All diseases security? Ex: Plot Africa map threats activity.

Refugees in the World (2017) Pie Chart Description (Page 12)

Pie: 30% Africa, 26% Middle East/North Africa, 17% Europe, 16% Americas, 11% Asia-Pacific. Source: UNHCR. Shows displacement hotspots tied to conflicts.

Infant Mortality Rate Chart Description (Page 11)

Bar: Developed 1-7/1000, Developing 30-100/1000, Sub-Saharan Africa 100+/1000. Pie: 50% child deaths under 5 from poor food/sanitation. Highlights poverty-health link.

Life Expectancy in Arab Countries (Page 11)

Graph: Sub-Saharan 40 years avg; pie: 50% low-income under 5 deaths from inadequate care. Shows inequality.

Taking the Train Cartoon Description (Page 10)

Cartoon: Train info board with Madrid/London/Mumbai arrivals, but Mumbai marked with question/death figure. By Tab, Cagle. Satirizes terrorism unpredictability.

He Doesn't Exist! Cartoon Description (Page 10)

Cartoon: Homeless man invisible to passersby. Highlights human rights neglect in own country.

World Blindness Cartoon Description (Page 14)

Cartoon: Global leaders blindfolded ignoring poverty/disease. By Ares, Cagle. Urges addressing non-traditional threats.

How Should the World Address Issues Shown Here? Cartoon Description (Page 13)

Cartoon: Crowded slum with disease/poverty. By Keshav, The Hindu. Prompts cooperative solutions.

Cooperative Security

Non-Military Focus: Cooperation > force for non-traditional threats (poverty, migration, epidemics); bilateral/regional/global levels.
Players Involved: UN/WHO/World Bank/IMF, NGOs (Amnesty/Red Cross), businesses, leaders (e.g., Mother Teresa/Mandela).
Force as Last Resort: Collective sanction for genocides/terror (e.g., UN vs. rogue states); individual action worse.
Expanded: Evidence: International cooperation vital (e.g., climate); debates: Force limits? Ex: Peacekeeping paradox.

India’s Security Strategy

Four Components: 1. Military strengthening (conflicts with Pak/China 1947-99; 1998 nuclear tests for deterrence). 2. International norms/institutions (Nehru: Asian solidarity, decolonization, UN; non-proliferation/NIEO; Kyoto Protocol; UN peacekeeping). 3. Internal challenges (democracy for unity vs. separatists: Nagaland/Mizoram/Punjab/Kashmir). 4. Economic development (poverty reduction, inequality curb; growth + human development via democracy).
Expanded: Evidence: Surrounded by nuclear states; debates: Traditional priority? Ex: Compare defence vs. non-traditional spending activity.

Village Scenario Activity Description (Pages 16-17)

Imaginary: Four villages (Kotabagh/first settlers, Kandali/Gewali/large pop, Goppa/extravagant/small) clash over river resources. Groups negotiate return to 'golden age'. Links to nations: Territory/resources/insurgency; teaches negotiation behaviors.

Summary

Security: Traditional (external/internal military, cooperation) vs. non-traditional (human/global threats); new sources require collective action; India balances four strategies. Interlinks: To Ch4 alternative security centers.
Evidence: Treaties/stats/maps; debates: Narrow/broad security.

Why This Guide Stands Out

Comprehensive: All subtopics point-wise, 18+ diagrams described; 2025 with current links (e.g., COVID epidemics), strategy for easy learning.

Key Themes & Tips

Aspects: State vs. people security, military vs. cooperative.
Tip: Memorize components; debate narrow/broad; use cartoons for analysis.

Exam Case Studies

Rwanda genocide (human rights); India's nuclear tests (traditional).

Project & Group Ideas

Map global threats pie chart.
Debate: Traditional vs. non-traditional priority.
Village negotiation role-play.

Key Definitions & Terms - Complete Glossary

All terms from chapter; detailed with examples, relevance. Expanded: 40+ terms grouped by subtopic; added advanced like "deterrence", "human security" for depth/easy flashcards.

Security

Freedom from threats to core values. Ex: Life/sovereignty. Relevance: Slippery, context-dependent.

Core Values

Sovereignty, territorial integrity, citizen lives. Ex: State vs. people debate. Relevance: What threatens?

Traditional Security

Military threats to state. Ex: External wars. Relevance: Deterrence/defence.

Deterrence

Prevent war by raising costs. Ex: Nuclear balance. Relevance: Policy choice.

Defence

Limit/end war, deny goals. Ex: Border troops. Relevance: Response to attack.

Balance of Power

Favorable military/economic strength vs. rivals. Ex: Build-up vs. neighbors. Relevance: Prevent aggression.

Alliance

State coalition vs. threats. Ex: US-Afghan militants (changed). Relevance: Power increase.

Internal Security

Peace/order within borders. Ex: Separatist threats. Relevance: Basis for external.

Disarmament

Give up weapons. Ex: BWC/CWC. Relevance: Reduce violence.

Arms Control

Regulate weapons. Ex: NPT/ABM. Relevance: Limit spread.

Confidence Building

Share info to avoid misperception. Ex: Military plans exchange. Relevance: Prevent surprise attacks.

Non-Traditional Security

Threats to human existence beyond military. Ex: Poverty/disease. Relevance: Human/global focus.

Human Security

Protect individuals/communities. Ex: Narrow (violence) vs. broad (want/fear). Relevance: People > state.

Global Security

Transnational threats. Ex: Warming/epidemics. Relevance: Cooperation essential.

Terrorism

Indiscriminate civilian-targeted violence. Ex: 9/11 hijackings. Relevance: Political change via fear.

Human Rights

Political/economic/colonized protections. Ex: Rwanda intervention debate. Relevance: Universal? UN role.

Global Poverty

North-South disparities. Ex: Sub-Saharan conflicts. Relevance: Population/inequality driver.

Refugees

Flee war/disaster/persecution. Ex: Kashmiri Pandits (internal). Relevance: Wars generate millions.

Health Epidemics

Transborder diseases. Ex: HIV-AIDS (4cr 2003). Relevance: Interdependence.

Cooperative Security

Multilateral non-force strategies. Ex: UN/WHO. Relevance: For non-traditional threats.

India's Strategy

Military, norms, internal, economic components. Ex: 1998 tests. Relevance: Balanced approach.

Referent

Who is secured (state/people). Ex: Traditional state. Relevance: Shifts in non-traditional.

Narrow Human Security

Violence focus. Ex: Kofi Annan internal protection. Relevance: UN view.

Broad Human Security

Incl. hunger/disease. Ex: Freedom from want/fear. Relevance: Comprehensive.

Genocide

Mass killing. Ex: Rwanda Tutsis. Relevance: Just war reason.

Non-Proliferation

Limit WMD spread. Ex: NPT 1968. Relevance: Arms control.

Separatist Movements

Independence bids. Ex: Kashmir. Relevance: Internal threats.

Migrants

Voluntary movers. Ex: Economic to North. Relevance: Vs. refugees.

Internally Displaced

Within borders. Ex: Kashmiri Pandits. Relevance: Conflict victims.

Hyperinflation

Not direct, but economic threat analogy. Ex: Poverty driver. Relevance: Instability.

SARS

Epidemic example. Ex: Rapid spread. Relevance: Global health.

Kyoto Protocol

Climate agreement. Ex: India signed 1997. Relevance: Global coop.

New International Economic Order (NIEO)

Equitable global economy. Ex: India push. Relevance: Norms.

Peacekeeping Force

UN troops for peace. Ex: Paradox cartoon. Relevance: Cooperative.

Biological Weapons Convention (BWC)

1972 ban. Ex: 155 states. Relevance: Disarmament.

Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC)

1997 ban. Ex: 193 states. Relevance: WMD control.

Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty

1972 limit shields. Ex: US-Soviet. Relevance: Arms control.

Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT II)

Nuclear limits. Ex: US-Soviet. Relevance: Reduction.

Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START)

Nuclear cuts. Ex: Post-Cold War. Relevance: Disarm.

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)

1968 regulate nukes. Ex: Pre-1967 keepers. Relevance: Limit states.

Freedom from Want

Economic security. Ex: Poverty end. Relevance: Broad human.

Freedom from Fear

Violence end. Ex: Genocide stop. Relevance: Narrow human.

Internationally Displaced People

Refugees within country. Ex: Violence flee. Relevance: Conflicts.

Mad-Cow Disease

Animal epidemic. Ex: UK billions loss. Relevance: Economic hit.

Bird Flu

Avian epidemic. Ex: Asia poultry shutdown. Relevance: Trade impact.

Rwanda Genocide

1994 Hutu vs. Tutsi. Ex: 5L killed weeks. Relevance: Human rights.

Tip: Group by traditional/non-traditional; examples for recall. Depth: Debates (e.g., intervention ethics). Errors: Confuse deterrence/defence. Historical: Post-WWII shift. Interlinks: To Ch6 US hegemony. Advanced: Treaty dates. Real-Life: COVID as epidemic. Graphs: Pie charts. Coherent: Evidence → Interpretation. For easy learning: Flashcard per term with example.

60+ Questions & Answers - NCERT Based (Class 12) - From Exercises & Variations

Based on chapter + expansions. Part A: 10 (1 mark, one line), Part B: 10 (4 marks, five lines), Part C: 10 (6 marks, eight lines). Answers point-wise in black text.

Part A: 1 Mark Questions (10 Qs - Short)

1. What is the basic meaning of security?

1 Mark Answer: Freedom from threats to core values like life and sovereignty.

2. What are traditional security notions primarily concerned with?

1 Mark Answer: Military threats from other states to sovereignty and territorial integrity.

3. Name one choice a government has in responding to external war threats.

1 Mark Answer: Deterrence by raising the costs of war.

4. What is an alliance in traditional security?

1 Mark Answer: A coalition of states to deter or defend against military attacks.

5. What percentage of global armed conflicts are now internal wars?

1 Mark Answer: More than 95 per cent.

6. Name one disarmament treaty mentioned in the chapter.

1 Mark Answer: 1972 Biological Weapons Convention (BWC).

7. What is the referent object in non-traditional security?

1 Mark Answer: Individuals, communities, or humankind, not just the state.

8. What does terrorism target to create political change?

1 Mark Answer: Civilians deliberately and indiscriminately to spread fear.

9. Name one health epidemic example from the chapter.

1 Mark Answer: HIV-AIDS, affecting 4 crore people by 2003.

10. What is one component of India's security strategy?

1 Mark Answer: Strengthening military capabilities against neighbors like Pakistan and China.

Part B: 4 Marks Questions (10 Qs - Medium, Exactly 5 Lines Each)

1. Explain the traditional conception of external security.

4 Marks Answer:

Focuses on military threats from other countries to sovereignty and territorial integrity.
Government choices include deterrence to prevent attacks by raising costs.
Defence aims to limit or end war by denying attacker objectives.
Balance of power maintained through military and economic build-up against stronger neighbors.
Alliances formed to increase collective power relative to threats.

2. Describe the internal security challenges for newly independent countries.

4 Marks Answer:

Faced military conflicts with neighbors over borders, territories, or populations.
Internal threats from separatist movements seeking independence.
External and internal threats merged when neighbors aided rebels.
Internal wars now constitute over 95% of global armed conflicts.
Between 1946-1991, civil wars rose twelve-fold, posing serious security challenges.

3. What are the main features of arms control and disarmament?

4 Marks Answer:

Disarmament involves giving up certain weapons, like BWC (1972) and CWC (1997).
Arms control regulates acquisition, e.g., ABM Treaty (1972) limited missile shields.
SALT II and START reduced strategic arms between US and USSR.
NPT (1968) allowed pre-1967 nuclear states to keep weapons but restricted others.
These measures limit violence without full abolition, involving great powers.

4. Differentiate between narrow and broad concepts of human security.

4 Marks Answer:

Narrow focuses on violent threats to individuals/communities from internal violence.
Broad includes hunger, disease, disasters as they kill more than war/terrorism.
Narrow aligns with Kofi Annan's protection from internal violence view.
Broad encompasses economic security and threats to human dignity.
Both stress 'freedom from fear' (violence) and 'freedom from want' (poverty).

5. Explain terrorism as a non-traditional threat.

4 Marks Answer:

Political violence deliberately targeting civilians indiscriminately.
International if involving multiple countries' citizens/territory.
Aims to change disliked political contexts via force/threats.
Civilians targeted to terrorize public and pressure governments.
Classic cases: Plane hijackings, bombs in trains/markets; post-9/11 global attention.

6. How does global poverty contribute to insecurity?

4 Marks Answer:

World population from 760cr to 1000cr by 2050, half growth in 6 countries.
Poor countries' population triples, rich shrink; reinforces poverty cycles.
North-South gap widens; South disparities sharpen (e.g., sub-Saharan Africa poorest).
Leads to conflicts (most armed wars there) and migration frictions.
Drives inequality, making poor groups poorer while rich get richer.

7. Describe the distinction between refugees and migrants.

4 Marks Answer:

Refugees flee war, disaster, or persecution; states obliged to accept.

Migrants move voluntarily for economic opportunities; no obligation.

Internally displaced remain within borders (e.g., Kashmiri Pandits).

1990-95: 93 wars killed 55L, generating millions refugees tied to conflicts.

South wars create most flows, causing North-South political tensions.

8. Why are health epidemics a global security threat?

4 Marks Answer:

Spread rapidly via migration, business, tourism, military (e.g., HIV-AIDS 4cr by 2003).
One country's failure affects others (e.g., Africa 2/3 cases, South Asia half rest).
New diseases (Corona, Ebola) and resistant old ones (TB, malaria) emerge.
Animal epidemics (mad-cow, bird flu) cause billions economic loss (UK poultry shutdowns).
Interdependence makes borders meaningless; demands international cooperation.

9. What is cooperative security and its key elements?

4 Marks Answer:

Strategies involving international cooperation over military confrontation.
Bilateral/regional/global levels; players: UN/WHO/IMF, NGOs, businesses, leaders.
Non-force preferred for poverty/migration/epidemics; force as last collective resort.
Sanction violence against genocides/terror-harborers via international community.
Individual force worsens issues; collective better (e.g., UN peacekeeping).

10. Outline the four components of India's security strategy.

4 Marks Answer:

Military: Strengthen capabilities (e.g., 1998 nuclear tests vs. Pak/China threats).
International: Norms/institutions (Nehru's UN/decolonization; Kyoto; non-proliferation).
Internal: Democracy for unity vs. separatists (Nagaland/Punjab/Kashmir).
Economic: Poverty reduction, inequality curb via growth + human development.

Part C: 6 Marks Questions (10 Qs - Long, Exactly 8 Lines Each)

1. Discuss the traditional notions of security, both external and internal.

6 Marks Answer:

Traditional security views greatest danger as military threats from other states.
External: Endangers sovereignty, integrity, citizen lives; choices: deterrence/defence.
Balance of power via military/economic build-up; alliances to counter threats.
International anarchy requires self-reliance (UN limited).
Internal: Violence within borders undermines external prep; post-WWII assumed for powers.
New states: Neighbor wars + separatists; >95% conflicts internal; 12-fold civil war rise 1946-91.
Challenges merged (neighbor aid to rebels); essential for overall security.
Contextual: Cold War focused external for alliances, internal for colonies.

2. Explain the elements of traditional security policy including cooperation.

6 Marks Answer:

Deterrence prevents war by unacceptable costs; defence limits/ends it.
Balance of power maintains favorable strength vs. rivals.
Alliance building coordinates actions (e.g., changeable like US-Afghan).
Cooperation: War limits—right reasons (self-defence/genocide), avoid non-combatants.
Disarmament: BWC/CWC ban bio/chem weapons (155/193 states).
Arms control: ABM/SALT/START/NPT regulate nukes (pre-1967 keepers).
Confidence building: Share plans/info to avoid misperception.
Force principal threat/means; cooperation possible for limits.

3. Analyze non-traditional notions of security, including human and global security.

6 Marks Answer:

Beyond military: Wide threats to human conditions; referent: people/communities/humanity.
Human security: Protects individuals > states; secure states ≠ secure people.
Narrow: Violent threats (Annan: internal violence protection).
Broad: Hunger/disease/disasters (kill more than war); economic/dignity threats.
Freedom from want (poverty) + fear (violence).
Global: 1990s transnational (warming, terrorism, AIDS/bird flu); no solo resolution.
Cooperation vital (e.g., sea rise floods Bangladesh/Maldives).
Varies by context (e.g., Rwanda genocide existential threat).

4. Describe terrorism and human rights as new sources of threats.

6 Marks Answer:

Terrorism: Indiscriminate civilian violence for political change; international multi-country.
Targets public unhappiness as weapon vs. govts (e.g., 9/11, hijackings/bombs).
Post-2001 attention; past in Middle East/Europe/Latin America/South Asia.
Human rights: Political (speech), economic/social, colonized/ethnic types.
Universal debate; UN intervention (Charter empowers vs. power interests, e.g., Iraq/Rwanda/East Timor).
1990s developments sparked armed defense discussions.
Both non-traditional: Target people directly, require global response.
Examples: Train bombs (Madrid/London/Mumbai cartoon).

5. Elaborate on global poverty, migration, and health epidemics as security threats.

6 Marks Answer:

Poverty: 760cr to 1000cr pop; half growth 6 countries; poor triple, rich shrink; North-South gap.
Sub-Saharan Africa: Poorest, most conflicts (turn of century: more deaths than rest world).
Migration: South to North for opportunities; refugees (war) vs. migrants (voluntary); internal displaced.
1990-95: 93 wars/55L deaths generated millions; 60/63 flows internal conflict-linked.
Health: Epidemics spread (HIV 4cr/2003, 2/3 Africa); new (Corona/Ebola), resistant old (TB).
Animal (mad-cow/bird flu) economic billions loss; interdependence demands coop.
All reinforce inequality/instability; contextual (e.g., Botswana HIV 1/3 adults).
Stats: UNHCR 2017—30% refugees Africa.

6. What is cooperative security? How does it address non-traditional threats?

6 Marks Answer:

International cooperation over military for non-traditional threats.
Levels: Bilateral/regional/global; players: IOs (UN/WHO), NGOs (Amnesty), businesses, leaders.
Non-force for poverty/migration/epidemics; force last resort, collective (e.g., UN vs. genocides).
Individual action worsens; multilateral sanctioned better.
Examples: Climate protocols, health orgs.
Emphasizes interdependence; limits force role.
Traditional cooperation (disarmament) precursor, but broader here.
Key: Exhaust alternatives; protect vulnerable collectively.

7. Discuss India's security strategy in detail.

6 Marks Answer:

Component 1: Military—conflicts with Pak (1947-99), China (1962); 1998 nuclear tests for deterrence.
Surrounded by nuclear states; first test 1974.
Component 2: International norms—Nehru: Solidarity/decolonization/disarmament/UN; NIEO/non-proliferation.
Non-alignment for peace; Kyoto signer; UN peacekeeping troops.
Component 3: Internal—democracy vs. separatists (Nagaland/Mizoram/Punjab/Kashmir); articulate grievances/share power.
Component 4: Economic—lift poverty, reduce inequality; growth + human development via democratic pressure.
Partial success; democracy provides security spaces for deprived.
Balanced: Traditional/non-traditional, external/internal.

8. How do traditional and non-traditional security concepts differ?

6 Marks Answer:

Traditional: Military threats to state/territory; referent: State; approach: Force/deterrence.
External focus (wars), internal (separatists); cooperation via treaties.
Non-traditional: Beyond military to human existence (poverty/disease); referent: People/humanity.
Human: Narrow (violence) vs. broad (want/fear); global: Transnational (warming/epidemics).
Traditional: Self-reliant in anarchy; non: Cooperative/multilateral.
Both contextual; non expands threats (e.g., epidemics kill more than wars).
Traditional principal force use; non questions it for most issues.
India blends both in strategy.

9. Evaluate the challenges posed by new sources of threats like terrorism and epidemics.

6 Marks Answer:

Terrorism: Indiscriminate civilian targets for fear/political change; post-9/11 focus.
Challenges: Transnational, hard to predict (e.g., trains/markets); pressures govts via public.
Epidemics: Rapid spread (HIV 4cr/2003); economic (bird flu shutdowns); resistant diseases.
Challenges: Interdependence (one failure affects all); animal links (mad-cow billions loss).
Both non-traditional: Require coop, not just military; contextual (e.g., Africa HIV worst).
Broader impacts: Migration from poverty/wars (millions refugees 1990s).
Debate: Include in security? Yes, threaten existence.
Solutions: Collective (UN/health orgs); force limited.

10. Why is the concept of security considered slippery, and how does it vary by context?

6 Marks Answer:

Slippery: Varies by society/time; not all threats qualify (only extreme to core values).
Whose values? State vs. citizens; intensity: Irreparable damage.
Traditional: Military/state focus post-WWII; external for powers, internal for new states.
Non-traditional: Human/global post-1990s; narrow/broad debates.
Contextual: Maldives warming submersion; Botswana HIV threat; Rwanda genocide.
Post-Cold War: Shift to people (UNDP 1994); cooperation over force.
India: Balances military/internal/economic amid neighbors.
Overall: Democracy demands citizen debate; avoids paralysis from broad view.

Tip: Diagrams for treaties/maps; practice lines. Additional 30 Qs: Variations on threats, strategies.

Key Concepts - In-Depth Exploration

Core ideas with examples, pitfalls, interlinks. Expanded: All concepts with steps/examples/pitfalls for easy learning. Depth: Debates, analysis.

Traditional Security

Steps: 1. Identify military threat, 2. Deterrence/balance, 3. Alliance/defence. Ex: Cold War arms race. Pitfall: Ignore internal. Interlink: Cooperation. Depth: State-centric vs. people.

Non-Traditional Security

Steps: 1. Expand referent to people, 2. Include non-military threats, 3. Cooperative response. Ex: HIV epidemics. Pitfall: Too broad loses focus. Interlink: Human rights. Depth: Narrow/broad debate.

Deterrence

Steps: 1. Assess rival power, 2. Raise war costs (nuclear), 3. Prevent attack. Ex: India's 1998 tests. Pitfall: Escalation risk. Interlink: Balance of power. Depth: Effective vs. arms race cost.

Human Security

Steps: 1. Protect from violence/want, 2. Narrow (fear) or broad (incl. disease), 3. Global coop. Ex: Rwanda intervention. Pitfall: Vague implementation. Interlink: Global threats. Depth: People > state.

Terrorism

Steps: 1. Target civilians, 2. Spread fear, 3. Pressure change. Ex: 9/11. Pitfall: Over-militarize response. Interlink: Human rights. Depth: Political vs. criminal.

Global Poverty

Steps: 1. Population/inequality growth, 2. North-South gap, 3. Conflicts/migration. Ex: Sub-Saharan wars. Pitfall: Ignore root causes. Interlink: Epidemics. Depth: Economic as security.

Refugees/Migrants

Steps: 1. Flee threats, 2. Distinguish types, 3. Host obligations. Ex: 1990s war flows. Pitfall: Border closure ethics. Interlink: Conflicts. Depth: Human cost of wars.

Health Epidemics

Steps: 1. Spread via global links, 2. Economic/social impact, 3. Coop containment. Ex: Bird flu trade halt. Pitfall: National isolation. Interlink: Interdependence. Depth: More deaths than wars.

Cooperative Security

Steps: 1. Multilateral players, 2. Non-force priority, 3. Collective sanction if needed. Ex: UN peacekeeping. Pitfall: Power imbalances. Interlink: India's strategy. Depth: Vs. unilateral force.

India's Security Strategy

Steps: 1. Military build, 2. Norms/UN, 3. Internal democracy, 4. Economic growth. Ex: Nuclear deterrence. Pitfall: Over-traditional bias. Interlink: Multipolar. Depth: Balanced contextual.

Balance of Power

Steps: 1. Assess neighbors, 2. Build military/econ, 3. Maintain favorable. Ex: Vs. China/Pak. Pitfall: Arms spiral. Interlink: Alliances. Depth: Preventive vs. aggressive.

Disarmament

Steps: 1. Ban types (bio/chem), 2. Universal accession, 3. Verify compliance. Ex: CWC 193 states. Pitfall: Non-signers. Interlink: Arms control. Depth: Ideal vs. reality (nukes exempt).

Advanced: Treaty timelines, threat maps. Pitfalls: Static views. Interlinks: Ch4 alternatives. Real: 2022 Ukraine traditional. Depth: 12 concepts details. Examples: Real events. Graphs: Pies. Errors: Confuse narrow/broad. Tips: Steps evidence; compare tables (traditional/non).

Solved Examples - From Text with Simple Explanations

Expanded with evidence, calcs; focus on applications, analysis. Added threat responses, strategy apps.

Example 1: Traditional External Threat Response

Simple Explanation: Neighbor attack prep.

Step 1: Identify threat (military invasion).
Step 2: Deterrence (nuclear costs).
Step 3: Alliance (e.g., with US).
Step 4: Defence (border forces).
Simple Way: Raise stakes, team up, fight back.

Example 2: Human Security Broad Application

Simple Explanation: Poverty/disease protection.

Step 1: Assess threats (hunger/epidemics).
Step 2: Freedom from want (economic aid).
Step 3: Global coop (WHO vaccines).
Step 4: Local context (Africa HIV programs).
Simple Way: Help daily lives, not just borders.

Example 3: Terrorism Threat

Simple Explanation: Civilian fear tactic.

Step 1: Target public (bombs).
Step 2: Spread unhappiness vs. govt.
Step 3: International response (UN sanctions).
Step 4: Address roots (political dialogue).
Simple Way: Fear weapon, coop counter.

Example 4: India's Internal Strategy

Simple Explanation: Unity via democracy.

Step 1: Identify separatists (Kashmir).
Step 2: Allow grievances articulation.
Step 3: Share power democratically.
Step 4: Avoid force where possible.
Simple Way: Talk/share > suppress.

Example 5: Cooperative for Epidemics

Simple Explanation: Global spread halt.

Step 1: Detect (HIV tracking).
Step 2: Share info (WHO).
Step 3: Aid poor regions (drugs).
Step 4: Prevent future (vaccines).
Simple Way: Team effort vs. borders.

Example 6: Arms Control Treaty

Simple Explanation: Limit weapons.

Step 1: Negotiate (US-Soviet).
Step 2: Regulate (NPT pre-1967).
Step 3: Verify compliance.
Step 4: Reduce risks.
Simple Way: Rules > race.

Tip: Practice steps; troubleshoot (e.g., why coop for non-traditional?). Added for threats, India.

Quick Revision Notes & Mnemonics

Concise for all subtopics; mnemonics. Covers overview, traditional (external/internal/coop), non-traditional, threats, cooperative, India strategy. Expanded all.

Overview & What is Security

Freedom threats core values; slippery/contextual ( "FTC Slip" - FTCS). Traditional military/state, non human/global ( "MS HG" - MSHG).

Traditional External

Military threats; choices: Surrender/deterrence/defence ( "SDD Balance" - SDDB). Alliances/power balance ( "APB Anarchy" - APBA).

Traditional Internal

Peace/order essential; new states: Neighbors/separatists >95% internal ( "NS 95 Merge" - NS95M). Cold War contexts ( "CC Colonies" - CCC).

Traditional Cooperation

War limits/just causes; disarm (BWC/CWC), control (NPT/ABM), confidence ( "LJC DCA C" - LJCDAC). Share info ( "SI Misper" - SIM).

Non-Traditional Notions

Beyond military; referent people; human narrow/broad, global trans ( "BMR HB GT" - BMRHBG). Want/fear ( "WF Freedom" - WFF).

New Threats: Terrorism

Civilian indiscriminate; change via fear ( "CIF 9/11" - CIF9). International multi ( "IM Hijack" - IMH).

New Threats: Human Rights

Political/econ/colonized; universal debate/UN intervene ( "PEC U UNI" - PECUUN). Ex: Rwanda ( "R Genocide" - RG).

New Threats: Poverty/Migration

Pop gap North-South; refugees vs migrants/internal ( "PG NS RMI" - PGNSR). 95% wars internal ( "95 WI Flows" - 95WIF).

New Threats: Epidemics

Spread global (HIV/SARS); animal econ hit ( "SG HA" - SGHA). Interdepend coop ( "IC Borders" - ICB).

Cooperative Security

Multi coop non-force; players UN/NGOs; collective last resort ( "MC NR PLR" - MCNRPL). Vs individual ( "VI Worse" - VIW).

India's Strategy

Military (nukes), norms (UN/Kyoto), internal (demo), econ (poverty) ( "M NIE D EP" - MNIEDEP). Balanced contextual ( "BC Neighbors" - BCN).

Overall Mnemonic: "Security Traditional Non Threats Coop India" (STNT CI). Flashcards: One per subtopic. Easy: Bullets, bold keys; steps acronyms.

Key Terms & Processes - All Key

Expanded table 40+ rows; quick ref. Added advanced (e.g., glasnost not here, but disarmament variants).

Term/Process	Description	Example	Usage
Security	Freedom from threats	Core values	Basic
Core Values	Sovereignty/life	State vs people	Threat basis
Traditional Security	Military/state focus	Wars	External
Deterrence	Raise war costs	Nuclear	Prevent
Defence	Limit war	Border fight	Response
Balance of Power	Favorable strength	Build-up	Vs rivals
Alliance	Coalition vs threats	US-Afghan	Power boost
Internal Security	Domestic peace	Separatists	Basis external
Disarmament	Give up weapons	BWC 1972	Reduce
Arms Control	Regulate acquisition	NPT 1968	Limit
Confidence Building	Share info	Plans exchange	Avoid misper
Non-Traditional	Beyond military	Poverty	Human
Human Security	People protection	Narrow/broad	Vs state
Global Security	Transnational threats	Warming	Coop
Terrorism	Civilian violence	9/11	Fear change
Human Rights	Political/econ types	Rwanda	Universal?
Global Poverty	North-South gap	Sub-Saharan	Conflicts
Refugees	Flee persecution	1990s wars	Vs migrants
Health Epidemics	Spread diseases	HIV	Interdepend
Cooperative Security	Multi non-force	UN	Threats
India's Strategy	Four components	Nukes/demo	Balanced
Referent	Who secured	People	Shift
Narrow Human Sec	Violence focus	Annan	Internal
Broad Human Sec	Incl want/fear	Disease	Comprehensive
Genocide	Mass killing	Tutsi	Just war
Non-Proliferation	WMD limit	NPT	Control
Separatist	Indep movements	Kashmir	Internal
Migrants	Voluntary movers	Economic	Vs refugees
Internally Displaced	Within borders	Pandits	Conflicts
SARS	Respiratory epidemic	2003 spread	Global
Kyoto Protocol	Climate emissions cut	India 1997	Coop
NIEO	Equitable economy	India push	Norms
Peacekeeping	UN peace troops	Paradox	Coop
BWC	Bio weapons ban	1972	Disarm
CWC	Chem weapons ban	1997	Disarm
ABM Treaty	Missile shield limit	1972	Control
SALT II	Strategic limits	US-Soviet	Reduction
START	Arms reduction	Post-Cold	Cuts
NPT	Nuclear regulate	1968	Spread limit
Freedom from Want	Economic security	Poverty end	Broad
Freedom from Fear	Violence end	Genocide	Narrow
Mad-Cow	Animal disease	UK loss	Econ
Bird Flu	Avian epidemic	Asia trade	Hit
Rwanda Genocide	Hutu-Tutsi killing	1994 5L	Rights