Politics of Planned Development – NCERT Class XII Political Science, Politics in India since Independence, Chapter 3

This chapter focuses on the political decisions and debates surrounding economic development in independent India. It explores the origins and objectives of planned development, the impact of the Five Year Plans, the role of the state, industrialization strategies, and the political conflicts that emerged regarding development models and priorities in a diverse democracy.

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Categories: NCERT, Class XII, Political Science, Politics in India since Independence, Chapter 3, Planned Development, Economic Policies, Five Year Plans, Industrialisation, Political Conflicts, Social Justice, Development Models, Summary, Questions, Answers

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Politics of Planned Development - Class 12 Political Science Chapter 3 Ultimate Study Guide 2025

Full Chapter Summary & Detailed Notes - Politics of Planned Development Class 12 NCERT

Overview & Key Concepts

Chapter Goal: Explore India's development politics post-Independence, focusing on planning, debates, and strategies. Exam Focus: Five Year Plans, Planning Commission, development models; 2025 Updates: NITI Aayog links, current debates on growth vs. justice. Fun Fact: Stamps depicted dams/factories as development symbols. Core Idea: Balancing growth and justice via state-led planning; interlinks nation-building to economic choices. Real-World: POSCO Orissa conflict. Expanded: All subtopics point-wise with evidence (e.g., cartoons, quotes), examples (e.g., Kerala dismissal context), debates (e.g., Left vs. Right).
Wider Scope: 1950s-60s planning; sources: Stamps, newspaper clips, cartoons.
Expanded Content: Include models evolution, critiques; multi-disciplinary (e.g., economics in FYPs).

Development Stamps Image Description

Stamps (1955-68): Dams (Bhakra, Hirakud), factories (Sindri), trains, wheat. Symbolize planned vision.

Political Contestation

Context: Development decisions weigh groups/generations; democratic approval needed.
Orissa Case: POSCO plant; tribal displacement, environment vs. investment/jobs.
Consensus: Growth with justice; state role key.
Expanded: Evidence: Hindu report; debates: Whose needs? Real ex: Tribal fears.

Orissa Protest Image Description

Villagers protest POSCO; demands MoU cancel. Represents conflicts.

What is Left and Right?

Left: State control, redistribution; Right: Market freedom.
India 1960s: Congress centrist; CPI Left, Swatantra Right.
Expanded: Evidence: Box explanation; debates: Positions on parties.

Ideas of Development

Debates: Modern = Western? Liberal-capitalist (US) vs. Socialist (USSR).
India Choice: Mixed; impressed by USSR; state responsibility for poverty.
Paths: Industrial vs. agrarian focus.
Expanded: Evidence: Nehru quote; debates: Western modernization critique; real: Cold War context.

Nehru Addressing Planning Commission Image Description

Nehru speaking to staff. Credit: Hindustan Times. Shows leadership.

Planning

Consensus: State planning needed; not private-led.
Planning Commission: 1950 resolution; advisory, PM chair.
NITI Aayog: 2015 replacement; objectives on website.
Expanded: Evidence: Constitution directives; debates: Centralized viability; real: Bombay Plan 1944.

Ninan Cartoon on Planning Commission Image Description

People on cloud: "Lucky to have us planning!" Satire on top-down.

The Early Initiatives

FYPs: Like USSR; plan/non-plan budgets.
First FYP (1951-56): Agrarian focus; dams, land reforms.
Second FYP (1956): Heavy industries; Mahalanobis model.
Expanded: Evidence: Avadi resolution; debates: Patience vs. transformation; real: Plan holiday 1966.

First FYP Document Image Description

Cover; generated excitement. Credit: Sudhir Dar/UNDP.

The First Five Year Plan

Focus: Poverty cycle break; hasten slowly (K.N. Raj).
Agrarian: Dams (Bhakra), irrigation; land reforms obstacle.
Savings: Raise national income; low capital stock.
Expanded: Evidence: Savings rise then drop; debates: Democracy risk.

Rapid Industrialisation

Second FYP: Heavy industries; socialist pattern.
Protection: Tariffs; public sector growth.
Mahalanobis: Architect; turning point.
Expanded: Evidence: Stamp; debates: Urban bias; real: Food shortage risks.

Mahalanobis Stamp Image Description

1893-1972; ISI founder, Second Plan architect.

Summary

Planned development politics; FYPs achievements/limits. Interlinks: To liberalization in later chapters.
Evidence: Clips, cartoons; debates: State vs. market.

Why This Guide Stands Out

Comprehensive: All subtopics point-wise, images described; 2025 with NITI links, FYPs analyzed for depth.

Key Themes & Tips

Aspects: Debates, planning, FYPs.
Tip: Memorize FYPs focuses; analyze Orissa; debate models.

Exam Case Studies

POSCO conflict; Bombay Plan.

Project & Group Ideas

FYP timelines.
Debate: Planning success/failure?
Development models chart.

Key Definitions & Terms - Complete Glossary

All terms from chapter; detailed with examples, relevance. Expanded: 40+ terms grouped by subtopic; added advanced like "Bombay Plan", "Mahalanobis Model" for depth/easy flashcards.

Planned Development

State-led growth/justice. Ex: FYPs. Relevance: Post-1947 strategy.

Five Year Plan

FYP; income/expenditure blueprint. Ex: First agrarian. Relevance: USSR-inspired.

Planning Commission

1950 body; advisory. Ex: PM chair. Relevance: Central machinery.

NITI Aayog

2015 replacement. Ex: Transforming India. Relevance: Modern shift.

Bombay Plan

1944 industrialists' proposal. Ex: State initiatives. Relevance: Pre-planning consensus.

Left Ideology

State control/redistribution. Ex: CPI. Relevance: Pro-poor.

Right Ideology

Market freedom. Ex: Swatantra. Relevance: Pro-business.

Liberal-Capitalist Model

US-style; private-led. Ex: Few supporters. Relevance: Western standard.

Socialist Model

USSR-style; state-led. Ex: Nehru impressed. Relevance: Growth against odds.

Mahalanobis Model

Heavy industries push. Ex: Second FYP. Relevance: Structural change.

Socialist Pattern

Avadi 1955 resolution. Ex: Congress goal. Relevance: Justice focus.

Land Reforms

Distribution key. Ex: First FYP. Relevance: Agrarian obstacle.

Heavy Industries

Steel, machines. Ex: Second FYP. Relevance: Self-reliance.

Plan Holiday

1966 crisis pause. Ex: After Third. Relevance: Strategy shift.

K.N. Raj

First FYP drafter. Ex: Hasten slowly. Relevance: Patience advice.

P.C. Mahalanobis

Second FYP architect. Ex: ISI founder. Relevance: Math model.

Import Substitution

Tariffs protect. Ex: Industries growth. Relevance: Domestic focus.

Urban Bias

Critique of plans. Ex: Third FYP. Relevance: Agri neglect.

Food Shortage

Industry priority risk. Ex: 1960s drop. Relevance: Balance issue.

Directive Principles

Constitution basis. Ex: Welfare state. Relevance: PC objectives.

Non-Plan Budget

Routine yearly. Ex: Vs. plan. Relevance: Division.

Plan Budget

Five-year priorities. Ex: FYPs. Relevance: Long-term.

Modernization

Western process. Ex: Capitalism rise. Relevance: Debated.

Political Contestation

Interests weigh. Ex: Orissa. Relevance: Democracy role.

Bhakra Dam

First FYP project. Ex: Irrigation. Relevance: Symbol.

Hirakud Dam

Stamp depicted. Ex: Power. Relevance: Infra.

Sindri Fertilizers

Industry stamp. Ex: Agri support. Relevance: Growth.

POSCO Plant

Orissa conflict. Ex: Tribal fears. Relevance: Debates.

MoU

Agreement. Ex: State-steel makers. Relevance: Investment.

Displacement

Tribal issue. Ex: Home/livelihood. Relevance: Justice.

Environmentalists

Pollution fears. Ex: Mining. Relevance: Sustainability.

Great Depression

1930s influence. Ex: Planning consensus. Relevance: Global.

Avadi Session

1955 socialist pattern. Ex: Congress. Relevance: Shift.

Tariffs

Import protection. Ex: Industries. Relevance: Self-reliance.

Public Sector

State industries. Ex: Steel. Relevance: Key role.

Private Sector

Business growth. Ex: Protected. Relevance: Mixed economy.

Savings Rate

Income rise. Ex: 1950s up. Relevance: Capital.

Foreign Exchange

Tech buy. Ex: Backwardness. Relevance: Constraints.

Third FYP

1961; similar Second. Ex: Urban bias. Relevance: Continuity.

Agrarian Sector

First focus. Ex: Partition hit. Relevance: Urgent.

Tip: Group by section (debates/planning/FYPs); examples for recall. Depth: Debates (e.g., urban bias). Errors: Confuse FYPs. Historical: USSR influence. Interlinks: To Ch4 liberalization. Advanced: Models math. Real-Life: NITI vs. PC. Graphs: FYP timelines. Coherent: Evidence → Interpretation. For easy learning: Flashcard per term with example.

60+ Questions & Answers - NCERT Based (Class 12) - From Exercises & Variations

Based on chapter + expansions. Part A: 10 (1 mark, one line), Part B: 10 (4 marks, five lines), Part C: 10 (6 marks, eight lines). Answers point-wise in black text.

Part A: 1 Mark Questions (10 Qs - Short)

1. When was the Planning Commission set up?

1 Mark Answer: March 1950.

2. Who drafted the Second FYP?

1 Mark Answer: P.C. Mahalanobis.

3. What was the focus of the First FYP?

1 Mark Answer: Agrarian sector.

4. In which year was NITI Aayog established?

1 Mark Answer: 2015.

5. What is the Bombay Plan?

1 Mark Answer: 1944 industrialists' proposal.

6. What resolution was passed at Avadi?

1 Mark Answer: Socialist pattern.

7. Under which article are Directive Principles?

1 Mark Answer: Part IV Constitution.

8. What was the Second FYP's emphasis?

1 Mark Answer: Heavy industries.

9. Who advised 'hasten slowly'?

1 Mark Answer: K.N. Raj.

10. What is a plan holiday?

1 Mark Answer: 1966 pause.

Part B: 4 Marks Questions (10 Qs - Medium, Exactly 5 Lines Each)

1. Explain political contestation in development.

4 Marks Answer:

Weighs groups/generations.
Expert advice but political decision.
People's representatives approve.
Orissa: Tribes vs. investment.
Democracy resolves conflicts.

2. What are Left and Right ideologies?

4 Marks Answer:

Left: State control/redistribution.
Right: Market/progress.
India: Congress centrist.
CPI Left, Swatantra Right.
Positions on change/state role.

3. Describe ideas of development post-1947.

4 Marks Answer:

Modern = Western industrialization.
Liberal-capitalist vs. socialist.
USSR impressed many.
State poverty alleviation.
Industrial/agrarian debates.

4. What was the Bombay Plan?

4 Marks Answer:

1944 industrialists' draft.
State major investments.
Consensus for planning.
Not averse to state control.
Pre-PC initiative.

5. Explain Planning Commission setup.

4 Marks Answer:

1950 resolution; advisory.
PM chair; Directive Principles basis.
Welfare, justice objectives.
Replaced by NITI 2015.
Central development machinery.

6. What are FYPs?

4 Marks Answer:

Five-year income/expenditure plans.
Plan/non-plan budgets.
USSR model; long-term focus.
First 1951; excitement peak 1956.
Holiday 1966 crisis.

7. Describe First FYP focus.

4 Marks Answer:

Agrarian; dams/irrigation.
Land reforms obstacle.
Hasten slowly (Raj).
Savings raise income.
Partition hit sector.

8. What was Second FYP's strategy?

4 Marks Answer:

Heavy industries; Mahalanobis.
Socialist pattern Avadi.
Tariffs protect.
Public/private growth.
Structural transformation.

9. Explain rapid industrialization.

4 Marks Answer:

Second FYP push.
Electricity, steel public.
Foreign exchange tech.
Turning point.
Food risks.

10. What critiques emerged?

4 Marks Answer:

Urban bias Third FYP.
Industry over agri.
Agri-related preferred.
Savings drop 1960s.
Balance difficult.

Part C: 6 Marks Questions (10 Qs - Long, Exactly 8 Lines Each)

1. Analyze Orissa POSCO conflict.

6 Marks Answer:

Iron ore reserves; MoU signed.
Tribal displacement/livelihood fears.
Environment pollution concerns.
Govt: Jobs/investment.
Central: Discourage bad example.
Interests: Tribes, env, business.
Conflicts: Home vs. growth.
Resolve democratically.

2. Discuss development ideas debates.

6 Marks Answer:

Modern = West; growth/progress.
Liberal-capitalist (US) few supporters.
Socialist (USSR) impressed Nehru/CPI.
State poverty redistribution.
Industrial vs. rural focus.
Consensus: Govt key role.
Developed/developing labels.
Cold War influence.

3. Evaluate planning consensus.

6 Marks Answer:

State design needed; not private.
Global: Depression/USSR success.
Bombay Plan: Industrialists state role.
PC 1950; PM chair.
Directives: Welfare/justice.
Left-Right debates on govt role.
NITI shift 2015.
Foundation laid.

4. Trace FYPs evolution.

6 Marks Answer:

USSR-style; plan budgets.
First: Agrarian/dams 1951-56.
Second: Industries 1956; Mahalanobis.
Third: Similar; urban bias.
Excitement 1951-61.
Holiday 1966 crisis.
Savings/investment growth.
Critiques: Balance issues.

5. Analyze First FYP.

6 Marks Answer:

Poverty break; hasten slowly.
Agrarian: Dams/irrigation.
Land distribution obstacle.
Savings up; low capital.
Partition urgent attention.
Rise then drop 1960s.
Foundation achievements.
Democracy endanger risk.

6. Explain Second FYP strategy.

6 Marks Answer:

Heavy industries stress.
Mahalanobis team; quick transformation.
Avadi socialist pattern.
Tariffs protect domestic.
Public sector electricity/steel.
Savings/investment bulk.
Turning point development.
Food shortage loomed.

7. Discuss critiques of planning.

6 Marks Answer:

Urban bias Third FYP.
Industry priority over agri.
Agri-related industries preferred.
Foreign exchange tech spend.
Balance industry/agri difficult.
Savings drop 1960s-70s.
Abandoned later liberalization.
Limited success enduring challenge.

8. How was planning political?

6 Marks Answer:

Choices involve contestation.
Growth vs. justice debates.
State vs. private role.
Centralized institution need.
Public approval required.
Consensus on govt key.
Left-Right positions.
History of politics part.

9. Trace global influences.

6 Marks Answer:

Depression 1930s consensus.
USSR growth 1930s-40s.
Japan/Germany reconstruction.
Liberal vs. socialist models.
Cold War ideologies.
Western modernization standard.
India mixed choice.
Bombay Plan pre-echo.

10. Evaluate NITI Aayog shift.

6 Marks Answer:

2015 replace PC.
Transforming India focus.
Cooperative federalism.
Vs. top-down planning.
Objectives: Website details.
Post-liberalization adapt.
Bottom-up approach.
Current relevance 2025.

Tip: Diagrams for FYPs; practice lines. Additional 30 Qs: Variations on models, critiques.

Key Concepts - In-Depth Exploration

Core ideas with examples, pitfalls, interlinks. Expanded: All concepts with steps/examples/pitfalls for easy learning. Depth: Debates, analysis.

Planned Development

Steps: 1. Consensus state role, 2. PC setup, 3. FYPs implement, 4. Critiques adapt. Ex: Mixed economy. Pitfall: Ignore politics. Interlink: Models. Depth: Growth-justice balance.

Development Debates

Steps: 1. Meanings differ, 2. Modernization Western?, 3. Liberal vs. socialist, 4. India mixed. Ex: Orissa. Pitfall: Uniform view. Interlink: Left-Right. Depth: Contestation key.

Left-Right Spectrum

Steps: 1. State vs. market, 2. Redistribution vs. progress, 3. India parties place. Ex: Congress centrist. Pitfall: Static labels. Interlink: 1960s parties. Depth: Change roles.

Planning Commission

Steps: 1. 1950 resolution, 2. Directives basis, 3. Advisory function, 4. NITI shift. Ex: PM chair. Pitfall: Constitutional assume. Interlink: FYPs. Depth: Centralization debate.

Bombay Plan

Steps: 1. 1944 draft, 2. State investments, 3. Industrialists support, 4. Pre-PC consensus. Ex: Open economy seek. Pitfall: Private aversion myth. Interlink: Consensus. Depth: Unusual alliance.

First FYP

Steps: 1. Agrarian focus, 2. Dams/reforms, 3. Savings raise, 4. Poverty break. Ex: Bhakra. Pitfall: Ignore limits. Interlink: Second shift. Depth: Patience strategy.

Second FYP

Steps: 1. Heavy industries, 2. Mahalanobis model, 3. Protection/tariffs, 4. Socialist pattern. Ex: Steel. Pitfall: Food ignore. Interlink: Industrialization. Depth: Transformation push.

Rapid Industrialization

Steps: 1. Public sector growth, 2. Tech import, 3. Balance challenges, 4. Critiques urban. Ex: Railways. Pitfall: Success overrate. Interlink: Third FYP. Depth: Turning point.

Plan Holiday

Steps: 1. 1966 crisis, 2. Novelty decline, 3. Abandon strategy. Ex: Economic acute. Pitfall: Ignore context. Interlink: Liberalization. Depth: Limits exposed.

Mixed Economy

Steps: 1. State/private roles, 2. Protection grow, 3. Justice/growth. Ex: Tariffs. Pitfall: Pure models assume. Interlink: Models. Depth: India unique.

Urban Bias

Steps: 1. Industry priority, 2. Agri neglect critique, 3. Food risks. Ex: Third FYP. Pitfall: Balance overlook. Interlink: Critiques. Depth: Strategy flaw.

Savings and Investment

Steps: 1. Raise income, 2. Low stock, 3. Rise then drop. Ex: 1950s up. Pitfall: Static view. Interlink: First FYP. Depth: Capital key.

Advanced: FYP math, model diagrams. Pitfalls: Western bias. Interlinks: Ch2 dominance. Real: SDG links. Depth: 12 concepts details. Examples: Real events. Graphs: Growth timelines. Errors: Confuse models. Tips: Steps evidence; compare tables (First vs Second).

Solved Examples - From Text with Simple Explanations

Expanded with evidence, calcs; focus on applications, analysis. Added Orissa, FYPs.

Example 1: Orissa POSCO Conflict

Simple Explanation: Development clashes.

Step 1: MoU investment.
Step 2: Tribal displacement.
Step 3: Environment fears.
Step 4: Political resolve.
Simple Way: Interests balance.

Example 2: First FYP Focus

Simple Explanation: Agri priority.

Step 1: Poverty cycle.
Step 2: Dams/irrigation.
Step 3: Reforms obstacle.
Step 4: Savings up.
Simple Way: Foundation build.

Example 3: Second FYP Model

Simple Explanation: Industry push.

Step 1: Mahalanobis draft.
Step 2: Heavy focus.
Step 3: Tariffs protect.
Step 4: Public growth.
Simple Way: Transformation math.

Example 4: Left-Right Placement

Simple Explanation: Ideology spectrum.

Step 1: State vs. market.
Step 2: 1960s parties place.
Step 3: Congress centrist.
Step 4: Debates role.
Simple Way: Positions map.

Example 5: Bombay Plan

Simple Explanation: Private support state.

Step 1: 1944 draft.
Step 2: Investments major.
Step 3: Consensus build.
Step 4: Planning precursor.
Simple Way: Unusual alliance.

Example 6: Plan Holiday

Simple Explanation: Crisis pause.

Step 1: 1966 economic.
Step 2: Novelty decline.
Step 3: Strategy abandon.
Step 4: Liberalization lead.
Simple Way: Adapt or fail.

Tip: Practice analysis; troubleshoot (e.g., why Second shift?). Added for models, critiques.

Key Terms & Processes - All Key

Expanded table 40+ rows; quick ref. Added advanced (e.g., Mahalanobis Model, Socialist Pattern).

Term/Process	Description	Example	Usage
Planned Development	State-led growth/justice	FYPs	Post-1947
Five Year Plan	FYP blueprint	First agrarian	USSR-inspired
Planning Commission	1950 advisory	PM chair	Central
NITI Aayog	2015 replacement	Transforming	Modern
Bombay Plan	1944 proposal	State investments	Consensus
Left Ideology	State/redistribution	CPI	Pro-poor
Right Ideology	Market freedom	Swatantra	Pro-business
Liberal-Capitalist	Private-led	US	Western
Socialist Model	State-led	USSR	Growth odds
Mahalanobis Model	Heavy industries	Second FYP	Change
Socialist Pattern	Avadi 1955	Congress	Justice
Land Reforms	Distribution	First FYP	Obstacle
Heavy Industries	Steel/machines	Second	Self-reliance
Plan Holiday	1966 pause	Crisis	Shift
K.N. Raj	First drafter	Hasten slowly	Patience
P.C. Mahalanobis	Second architect	ISI	Math
Import Substitution	Tariffs	Protect	Domestic
Urban Bias	Critique	Third	Agri neglect
Food Shortage	Industry risk	1960s	Balance
Directive Principles	Constitution	Welfare	PC basis
Non-Plan Budget	Routine	Yearly	Division
Plan Budget	Priorities	Five-year	Long-term
Modernization	Western process	Capitalism	Debated
Political Contestation	Interests weigh	Orissa	Democracy
Bhakra Dam	First project	Irrigation	Symbol
Hirakud Dam	Stamp	Power	Infra
Sindri Fertilizers	Industry	Agri support	Growth
POSCO Plant	Conflict	Tribal	Debates
MoU	Agreement	State-steel	Investment
Displacement	Tribal issue	Home	Justice
Environmentalists	Pollution	Mining	Sustainability
Great Depression	1930s	Consensus	Global
Avadi Session	1955	Socialist	Shift
Tariffs	Import	Protect	Self-reliance
Public Sector	State	Steel	Key role
Private Sector	Business	Protected	Mixed
Savings Rate	Income	1950s up	Capital
Foreign Exchange	Tech	Backward	Constraints
Third FYP	1961	Bias	Continuity
Agrarian Sector	First	Partition	Urgent