International Organisations – NCERT Class XII Political Science, Contemporary World Politics, Chapter 4
This chapter covers the role, functions, and challenges of international organisations in contemporary global politics. It highlights the United Nations system, specialized agencies, peacekeeping missions, the role of the World Bank, IMF, WTO, regional organizations like the EU and ASEAN, and debates on sovereignty and intervention in international relations.
Updated: 7 months ago

International Organisations
Chapter 4: Contemporary World Politics - Ultimate Study Guide | NCERT Class 12 Notes, Questions, Examples & Quiz 2025
Full Chapter Summary & Detailed Notes - International Organisations Class 12 NCERT
Overview & Key Concepts
- Chapter Goal: Examines role of international organisations post-Soviet collapse, focusing on UN restructuring for new challenges like US hegemony; case study on UN Security Council reforms and India's stance; explores other transnational bodies. Exam Focus: UN evolution, reform debates, veto power, India's bid; 2025 Updates: Links to ongoing UNSC expansion talks, G20-UN synergies. Fun Fact: UN logo's olive branches symbolize peace, adopted in 1946. Core Idea: IOs facilitate cooperation amid conflicts; not super-states but state-created forums. Real-World: Ties to global issues like climate (COP-UN links). Expanded: All subtopics point-wise with evidence (e.g., timelines, tables), examples (e.g., Lebanon cartoons), debates (e.g., veto abolition feasibility); added post-2022 Ukraine context on UN relevance.
- Wider Scope: From post-Cold War reforms to unipolar challenges; sources: Cartoons, quotes, leader bios, diagrams.
- Expanded Content: Include timeline table, diagram desc, agency activities; multi-disciplinary (e.g., economics in IMF/WB voting).
UN Logo Description
Emblem features a world map projection centered on North Pole, encircled by olive branches signifying peace. Adopted 1946; azimuthal equidistant projection for global equity. Credit: www.un.org. Symbolizes unity and non-violence in IOs.
Why International Organisations?
- Criticism vs. Value: Cartoons depict UN inaction in 2006 Lebanon crisis (Israel-Hezbollah conflict: civilian deaths, delayed resolution till Oct); represents common views of UN as "talking shop" (ineffective like parliament).
- Insider Quotes: Dag Hammarskjöld: UN saves from hell, not to heaven (realistic role in crises). Shashi Tharoor: Jaw-jaw better than war-war (Churchill ref; forums prevent violence).
- Core Functions: Resolve conflicts peacefully (discuss antagonisms without war; most resolved via dialogue). Facilitate cooperation on global issues (e.g., disease eradication via vaccination; global warming via emission cuts).
- Mechanisms: Provide rules, bureaucracy for fair cost-sharing, benefit division, enforcement (builds confidence; e.g., IMF oversees finance with 190 members, unequal voting: G7 41.29%).
- Post-Cold War Role: Check US dominance via dialogue; limit unilateral power. Expanded: Evidence: Lebanon delay (UN Res Aug, withdrawal Oct); debates: Idealism vs. realism; ex: COVID vaccines as cooperation success.
- Activity Idea: List issues needing IOs (e.g., pandemics, cyber threats, migration).
Lebanon Crisis Cartoons Description
Two cartoons: 1. UN as ineffective bystander in bombardment (Harry Harrison: soldiers amid ruins). 2. Secretary-General as passive figure (Petar Pismestrovic: Kofi Annan-like watching chaos). Credit: Cagle Cartoons. Highlights delays in UN response to civilian suffering.
Evolution of the UN
- League of Nations: Post-WWI (1919) to avoid war; initial success but failed vs. WWII (1939-45; more deaths).
- UN Founding: Successor to League; established 1945 via Charter signed by 51 states (Poland 52nd). Objectives: Prevent conflict escalation, limit war, promote social/economic development.
- Timeline Key Events: 1941 Atlantic Charter (US-UK); 1942 Declaration by UN (26 Allies); 1943 Tehran; 1945 Yalta/San Francisco Conference; Oct 24 UN Day; Oct 30 India joins.
- Post-Cold War Shift: US victory raises hegemony fears; UN for dialogue/checks. By 2011: 193 members; GA one vote each; SC: 5 permanents (US, Russia, UK, France, China as WWII victors).
- Structure: Secretary-General (António Guterres, 9th since 2017; ex-PM Portugal, UNHCR head). Agencies: WHO (health), UNDP (dev), UNHRC (rights), UNHCR (refugees), UNICEF (children), UNESCO (culture/education).
- Expanded: Evidence: Belligerent origins (WWII poster with Allied flags); debates: Representation equity; ex: India's early membership (1945).
Founding Timeline Description
Horizontal timeline: 1941 Aug (Atlantic Charter signing) → 1942 Jan (26 Allies Declaration) → 1943 Dec (Tehran) → 1945 Feb (Yalta Big Three) → Apr-May (San Francisco Conf) → Jun 26 (Charter signed 50 nations) → Oct 24 (UN founded) → Oct 30 (India joins). Visual: Arrows linking events, flags. Source: US Office of War Information poster (1942) with Allied flags reflecting wartime origins.
UN System Diagram Description
Flowchart: Central "Principal Organs" box branches to Security Council (5 perm +10 non-perm, veto), General Assembly (193 members, one vote), Secretariat (admin, Sec-Gen), ICJ (15 judges), ECOSOC (54 members, econ/social), Trusteeship Council (suspended). Related: IAEA (nuclear), WTO (trade). Specialized: WHO, UNESCO, etc. Subsid: UNICEF, UNHCR. Arrows show flows (e.g., GA elects SC non-perm). Adapted from un.org; color-coded (red principal, blue related).
Reform of the UN after the Cold War
- Need for Reform: Fundamental for adaptation; demands since 1990s but no consensus on nature/pace.
- Two Kinds: 1. Structures/processes (e.g., SC functioning, membership increase for Asia/Africa/S. America; budgetary/admin improvements by US/West). 2. Jurisdiction expansion (peace missions vs. dev/humanitarian focus: health, education, env, rights, gender).
- Post-1945 Changes: USSR collapse, US dominance, Russia-US cooperation, China/India rise, Asian growth, new members (ex-Soviet/E Europe), challenges (genocide, terrorism, climate).
- 1992 GA Resolution: SC unrepresentative, Western-biased, inequitable; demands restructuring.
- 1997 Annan Inquiry: Criteria for new members: Econ/military power, UN budget contributor, population size, democracy/respects rights, diversity (geo, econ, culture).
- Challenges: Criteria subjective (e.g., how big?); representation debates (continents vs. regions/sub-regions vs. dev levels vs. cultures); veto abolition (undemocratic, but P5 unlikely to agree; risks great power disinterest).
- SC Composition: 5 perm (veto: negative vote stalls even majority); 10 non-perm (2-yr terms, no veto, continental rep, no immediate re-election).
- Expanded: Evidence: 1965 expansion (11→15, no perm change); debates: Veto vs. democracy; ex: Group activity on criteria lists (e.g., pop: China, India top).
UN Secretaries-General List Description
Table of 9 SGs: Trygve Lie (1946-52, Norway; Kashmir ceasefire); Dag Hammarskjöld (1953-61, Sweden; Suez/Africa, Nobel posthumous); U Thant (1961-71, Myanmar; Cuba/Congo); Kurt Waldheim (1972-81, Austria; Namibia/Lebanon); Javier Pérez de Cuéllar (1982-91, Peru; Cyprus/Afghan); Boutros Boutros-Ghali (1992-96, Egypt; Mozambique, US-blocked); Kofi Annan (1997-2006, Ghana; AIDS fund, Iraq illegal, Nobel); Ban Ki-moon (2007-16, S Korea; climate/MDGs); António Guterres (2017-, Portugal; refugees). Photos/credits: un.org. Highlights diverse origins, crisis roles.
Major UN Budget Contributors Table (2019)
Top 21: USA 22%, China 12%, Japan 8.5%, Germany 6%, UK 4.5%, France 4.4%, Italy 3.3%, Brazil 2.9%, Canada 2.7%, Russia 2.4%, etc.; India 0.8% (21st). Source: un.org. Shows P5 dominance, emerging powers' rise.
Jurisdiction of the UN
- 2005 Summit (60th Anniversary): Leaders reviewed; decided: Peacebuilding Commission (post-conflict rebuild), R2P ( Responsibility to Protect citizens from atrocities), Human Rights Council (since 2006), MDGs/SDGs (dev goals), anti-terrorism, Democracy Fund, wind up Trusteeship Council.
- Contentious Issues: Peacebuilding scope (which conflicts?); R2P enforcement (who defines violations?); MDGs/SDGs realism (dev world challenges); terrorism definition; democracy promotion via funds.
- Ex: Darfur Crisis: Sudan humanitarian (2003-); empty promises; UN intervention needs jurisdiction change? Cartoon: "Big Helping of Words" (Pat Bagley: aid as empty gestures).
- Expanded: Evidence: Peacekeeping ops map (2023: 12 missions, e.g., MINUSMA Mali); debates: Intervention vs. sovereignty; ex: SDG search (17 goals, e.g., no poverty by 2030).
UN Peacekeeping Operations Map (Oct 2023)
World map with 12 yellow dots: MINUSMA (Mali), UNMISS (S Sudan), UNISFA (Abyei), etc.; lines connect to HQ NY. Shows active missions in Africa/Middle East/Asia. Source: un.org; highlights global reach but Africa focus.
Veto Use Pie Chart (Jun 2018)
Pie: Russia/USSR 133 (blue), USA 84 (red), UK 32 (purple), France 18 (blue), China 3 (yellow). Total post-1945 vetoes. Source: un.org. Illustrates P5 dominance, Russia highest.
India and the UN Reforms
- India's Support: For strengthened UN in changing world; enhanced dev/cooperation role (dev central to peace/security).
- SC Concerns: Static perm (no change since 1965 expansion 11→15); harms rep; majority dev countries need voice.
- Proposals: Increase perm/non-perm; broader base for success; more dev countries.
- India's Bid: Populous (1/5 world), largest democracy, UN participant (peacekeeping), econ rise, regular contributor; symbolic status for FP.
- Opposition: Pakistan (relations); nuclear concerns; Pakistan ties ineffectiveness; if India, then Brazil/Germany/Japan/S Africa; Africa/S America rep need.
- Other Bodies: WTO (1995 GATT successor; 164 members, unanimous but big powers dominate; dev complaints on transparency/conditions).
- Expanded: Evidence: 80% GA dev; debates: Veto for new? Ex: G4 bid (India+3).
WTO Logo Description
Stylized globe with trade routes/arrows in blue/green. Represents global rules. Source: wto.org. Symbolizes free trade amid power imbalances.
The UN in a Unipolar World
- US Dominance: Sole superpower; ignores UN (military/econ power); largest contributor (22% budget), NY location, bureaucracy nationals, veto, SG influence.
- UN Role: Forum for dialogue/modify US policies; unites 193 nations on conflict/dev; compromises shaped despite divisions.
- Imperfect but Indispensable: Interdependence (7B+ people) needs IOs; tech increases links; supports interests broadly.
- Other Orgs: IMF (financial oversight, unequal votes); WB (dev loans, conditions critiqued); IAEA (nuclear peace, inspections); Amnesty/HRW (NGOs: rights reports, coalitions like landmine ban).
- Expanded: Evidence: US veto on Israel; debates: Balance vs. hegemony; ex: Ukraine 2022 UN resolutions vs. US actions.
World Bank Logo Description
Stylized "W" with globe/orb in blue. Focus: Dev finance. Source: worldbank.org. Represents loans for poor nations amid conditionality critiques.
IAEA Logo Description
Atom symbol with olive wreath. "Atoms for Peace" motto. Source: iaea.org. Promotes civilian nuclear, prevents military diversion.
Summary
- IOs essential post-Cold War; UN reforms debated (SC equity, veto); India pushes inclusion; unipolar checks via dialogue. Interlinks: To Ch3 bipolar end.
- Evidence: Tables, timelines; debates: Reform pace.
Why This Guide Stands Out
Comprehensive: All subtopics point-wise, diagrams described; 2025 with current links (e.g., SDGs progress), agency bios for holistic view.
Key Themes & Tips
- Aspects: Cooperation vs. power imbalances, reform equity.
- Tip: Memorize SC P5/veto; diagram flows; debate India bid.
Exam Case Studies
Lebanon UN delay; India UNSC claim.
Project & Group Ideas
- Timeline poster of UN founding/reforms.
- Debate: Abolish veto?
- Map UN agencies/peacekeeping.



As an Amazon Associate, ProSyllabus earns from qualifying purchases. Prices shown are subject to change.
Test your CBSE Class 12 Board Examination prep
Quizzes
10 questions · ~10 minutes · instant rank & AI diagnosis
Economics (Class 12) Practice Quiz | CBSE Class 12 Board Examination
Accountancy (Class 12) Practice Quiz | CBSE Class 12 Board Examination
Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Fundamentals | CBSE Class 12 Board Examination
Class 12 English — Memories of Childhood (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 English — On the Face of It (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 English — The Enemy (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 English — Journey to the End of the Earth (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 English — The Tiger King (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 English — The Third Level (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 English — Aunt Jennifer's Tigers (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 English — A Roadside Stand (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 English — A Thing of Beauty (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 English — Keeping Quiet (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 English — An Elementary School Classroom in a Slum (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 English — My Mother at Sixty-six (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 English — Going Places (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 English — The Interview (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 English — Poets and Pancakes (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 English — Indigo (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 English — The Rattrap (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 English — Deep Water (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 English — Lost Spring (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 English — The Last Lesson (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Psychology — Social Influence and Group Processes (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Psychology — Attitude and Social Cognition (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Psychology — Therapeutic Approaches (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Psychology — Psychological Disorders (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Psychology — Meeting Life Challenges (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Psychology — Self and Personality (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Psychology — Variations in Psychological Attributes (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Sociology — Social Movements (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Sociology — Mass Media and Communications (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Sociology — Globalisation and Social Change (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Sociology — Change and Development in Industrial Society (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Sociology — Change and Development in Rural Society (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Sociology — The Constitution and Social Change (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Sociology — Cultural Change (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Sociology — Structural Change (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Sociology — The Challenges of Cultural Diversity (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Sociology — Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Sociology — The Market as a Social Institution (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Sociology — Social Institutions: Continuity and Change (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Sociology — The Demographic Structure of the Indian Society (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Sociology — Introducing Indian Society (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Political Science — Recent Developments in Indian Politics (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Political Science — Regional Aspirations (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Political Science — The Crisis of Democratic Order (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Political Science — Challenges to and Restoration of the Congress System (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Political Science — India's External Relations (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Political Science — Politics of Planned Development (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Political Science — Era of One-party Dominance (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Political Science — Challenges of Nation Building (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Political Science — Environment and Natural Resources (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Political Science — Security in the Contemporary World (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Political Science — International Organisations (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Political Science — Contemporary South Asia (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Political Science — Contemporary Centres of Power (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Political Science — The End of Bipolarity (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Geography — Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Geography — Planning and Sustainable Development in the Indian Context (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Geography — Mineral and Energy Resources (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Geography — Water Resources (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Geography — Land Resources and Agriculture (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Geography — Human Settlements (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Geography — Population: Distribution, Density, Growth and Composition (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Geography — International Trade (India) (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Geography — Transport and Communication (India) (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Geography — Tertiary and Quaternary Activities (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Geography — Secondary Activities (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Geography — Primary Activities (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Geography — Human Development (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Geography — The World Population: Distribution, Density and Growth (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Geography — Human Geography: Nature and Scope (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 History — Framing the Constitution — The Beginning of a New Era (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 History — Mahatma Gandhi and the Nationalist Movement — Civil Disobedience and Beyond (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 History — Rebels and the Raj — The Revolt of 1857 and its Representations (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 History — Colonialism and the Countryside — Exploring Official Archives (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 History — Peasants, Zamindars and the State — Agrarian Society and the Mughal Empire (c. sixteenth-seventeenth centuries) (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 History — An Imperial Capital: Vijayanagara (c. fourteenth to sixteenth century) (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 History — Bhakti-Sufi Traditions — Changes in Religious Beliefs and Devotional Texts (c. eighth to eighteenth century) (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 History — Through the Eyes of Travellers — Perceptions of Society (c. tenth to seventeenth century) (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 History — Thinkers, Beliefs and Buildings — Cultural Developments (c. 600 BCE-600 CE) (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 History — Kinship, Caste and Class — Early Societies (c. 600 BCE-600 CE) (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 History — Kings, Farmers and Towns — Early States and Economies (c. 600 BCE-600 CE) (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 History — Bricks, Beads and Bones — The Harappan Civilisation (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Economics — Open Economy Macroeconomics (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Economics — Government Budget and the Economy (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Economics — Determination of Income and Employment (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Economics — Money and Banking (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Economics — National Income Accounting (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Economics — Market Equilibrium (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Economics — The Theory of the Firm under Perfect Competition (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Economics — Production and Costs (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Economics — Theory of Consumer Behaviour (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Economics — Introduction (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Business Studies — Consumer Protection (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Business Studies — Marketing (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Business Studies — Financial Management (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Business Studies — Controlling (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Business Studies — Directing (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Business Studies — Staffing (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Business Studies — Organising (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Business Studies — Planning (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Business Studies — Business Environment (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Business Studies — Nature and Significance of Management (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Accountancy — Cash Flow Statement (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Accountancy — Accounting Ratios (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Accountancy — Analysis of Financial Statements (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Accountancy — Financial Statements of a Company (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Accountancy — Issue and Redemption of Debentures (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Accountancy — Accounting for Share Capital (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Accountancy — Dissolution of Partnership Firm (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Accountancy — Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm – Retirement/Death of a Partner (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Accountancy — Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm – Admission of a Partner (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Accountancy — Accounting for Partnership: Basic Concepts (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Maths — Probability (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Maths — Linear Programming (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Maths — Three Dimensional Geometry (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Maths — Vector Algebra (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Maths — Differential Equations (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Maths — Application of Integrals (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Maths — Integrals (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Maths — Application of Derivatives (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Maths — Continuity and Differentiability (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Maths — Determinants (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Maths — Matrices (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Maths — Inverse Trigonometric Functions (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Maths — Relations and Functions (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Biology — Biodiversity and its Conservation (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Biology — Ecosystem (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Biology — Organisms and Populations (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Biology — Biotechnology and its Applications (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Biology — Biotechnology: Principles and Processes (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Biology — Microbes in Human Welfare (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Biology — Human Health and Disease (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Biology — Evolution (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Biology — Molecular Basis of Inheritance (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Biology — Principles of Inheritance and Variation (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Biology — Reproductive Health (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Biology — Human Reproduction (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Biology — Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Chemistry — Biomolecules (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Chemistry — Amines (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Chemistry — Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Chemistry — Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Chemistry — Haloalkanes and Haloarenes (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Chemistry — Coordination Compounds (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Chemistry — The d- and f-Block Elements (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Chemistry — Chemical Kinetics (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Chemistry — Electrochemistry (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Chemistry — Solutions (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Physics — Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Physics — Nuclei (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Physics — Atoms (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Physics — Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Physics — Wave Optics (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Physics — Ray Optics and Optical Instruments (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Physics — Electromagnetic Waves (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Physics — Alternating Current (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Physics — Electromagnetic Induction (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Physics — Magnetism and Matter (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Physics — Moving Charges and Magnetism (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Physics — Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Physics — Electric Charges and Fields (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Business Studies — Principles of Management (Practice Quiz)
CBSE Class 12 — Genetics and Evolution (Practice Quiz)
CBSE Class 12 — Matrices and Determinants (Practice Quiz)
CBSE Class 12 — Solutions and Colligative Properties (Practice Quiz)
Class 12 Physics — Current Electricity (Practice Quiz)
CBSE Class 12 — Electrostatics and Electric Field (Practice Quiz)
Humanities Subjects Practice Quiz | CBSE Class 12 Board Examination

Group Discussions
No forum posts available.


