Full Chapter Summary & Detailed Notes - International Organisations Class 12 NCERT

Overview & Key Concepts

• Chapter Goal: Examines role of international organisations post-Soviet collapse, focusing on UN restructuring for new challenges like US hegemony; case study on UN Security Council reforms and India's stance; explores other transnational bodies. Exam Focus: UN evolution, reform debates, veto power, India's bid; 2025 Updates: Links to ongoing UNSC expansion talks, G20-UN synergies. Fun Fact: UN logo's olive branches symbolize peace, adopted in 1946. Core Idea: IOs facilitate cooperation amid conflicts; not super-states but state-created forums. Real-World: Ties to global issues like climate (COP-UN links). Expanded: All subtopics point-wise with evidence (e.g., timelines, tables), examples (e.g., Lebanon cartoons), debates (e.g., veto abolition feasibility); added post-2022 Ukraine context on UN relevance.
• Wider Scope: From post-Cold War reforms to unipolar challenges; sources: Cartoons, quotes, leader bios, diagrams.
• Expanded Content: Include timeline table, diagram desc, agency activities; multi-disciplinary (e.g., economics in IMF/WB voting).

Why International Organisations?

• Criticism vs. Value: Cartoons depict UN inaction in 2006 Lebanon crisis (Israel-Hezbollah conflict: civilian deaths, delayed resolution till Oct); represents common views of UN as "talking shop" (ineffective like parliament).
• Insider Quotes: Dag Hammarskjöld: UN saves from hell, not to heaven (realistic role in crises). Shashi Tharoor: Jaw-jaw better than war-war (Churchill ref; forums prevent violence).
• Core Functions: Resolve conflicts peacefully (discuss antagonisms without war; most resolved via dialogue). Facilitate cooperation on global issues (e.g., disease eradication via vaccination; global warming via emission cuts).
• Mechanisms: Provide rules, bureaucracy for fair cost-sharing, benefit division, enforcement (builds confidence; e.g., IMF oversees finance with 190 members, unequal voting: G7 41.29%).
• Post-Cold War Role: Check US dominance via dialogue; limit unilateral power. Expanded: Evidence: Lebanon delay (UN Res Aug, withdrawal Oct); debates: Idealism vs. realism; ex: COVID vaccines as cooperation success.
• Activity Idea: List issues needing IOs (e.g., pandemics, cyber threats, migration).

Evolution of the UN

• League of Nations: Post-WWI (1919) to avoid war; initial success but failed vs. WWII (1939-45; more deaths).
• UN Founding: Successor to League; established 1945 via Charter signed by 51 states (Poland 52nd). Objectives: Prevent conflict escalation, limit war, promote social/economic development.
• Timeline Key Events: 1941 Atlantic Charter (US-UK); 1942 Declaration by UN (26 Allies); 1943 Tehran; 1945 Yalta/San Francisco Conference; Oct 24 UN Day; Oct 30 India joins.
• Post-Cold War Shift: US victory raises hegemony fears; UN for dialogue/checks. By 2011: 193 members; GA one vote each; SC: 5 permanents (US, Russia, UK, France, China as WWII victors).
• Structure: Secretary-General (António Guterres, 9th since 2017; ex-PM Portugal, UNHCR head). Agencies: WHO (health), UNDP (dev), UNHRC (rights), UNHCR (refugees), UNICEF (children), UNESCO (culture/education).
• Expanded: Evidence: Belligerent origins (WWII poster with Allied flags); debates: Representation equity; ex: India's early membership (1945).

Reform of the UN after the Cold War

• Need for Reform: Fundamental for adaptation; demands since 1990s but no consensus on nature/pace.
• Two Kinds: 1. Structures/processes (e.g., SC functioning, membership increase for Asia/Africa/S. America; budgetary/admin improvements by US/West). 2. Jurisdiction expansion (peace missions vs. dev/humanitarian focus: health, education, env, rights, gender).
• Post-1945 Changes: USSR collapse, US dominance, Russia-US cooperation, China/India rise, Asian growth, new members (ex-Soviet/E Europe), challenges (genocide, terrorism, climate).
• 1992 GA Resolution: SC unrepresentative, Western-biased, inequitable; demands restructuring.
• 1997 Annan Inquiry: Criteria for new members: Econ/military power, UN budget contributor, population size, democracy/respects rights, diversity (geo, econ, culture).
• Challenges: Criteria subjective (e.g., how big?); representation debates (continents vs. regions/sub-regions vs. dev levels vs. cultures); veto abolition (undemocratic, but P5 unlikely to agree; risks great power disinterest).
• SC Composition: 5 perm (veto: negative vote stalls even majority); 10 non-perm (2-yr terms, no veto, continental rep, no immediate re-election).
• Expanded: Evidence: 1965 expansion (11→15, no perm change); debates: Veto vs. democracy; ex: Group activity on criteria lists (e.g., pop: China, India top).

Jurisdiction of the UN

• 2005 Summit (60th Anniversary): Leaders reviewed; decided: Peacebuilding Commission (post-conflict rebuild), R2P ( Responsibility to Protect citizens from atrocities), Human Rights Council (since 2006), MDGs/SDGs (dev goals), anti-terrorism, Democracy Fund, wind up Trusteeship Council.
• Contentious Issues: Peacebuilding scope (which conflicts?); R2P enforcement (who defines violations?); MDGs/SDGs realism (dev world challenges); terrorism definition; democracy promotion via funds.
• Ex: Darfur Crisis: Sudan humanitarian (2003-); empty promises; UN intervention needs jurisdiction change? Cartoon: "Big Helping of Words" (Pat Bagley: aid as empty gestures).
• Expanded: Evidence: Peacekeeping ops map (2023: 12 missions, e.g., MINUSMA Mali); debates: Intervention vs. sovereignty; ex: SDG search (17 goals, e.g., no poverty by 2030).

India and the UN Reforms

• India's Support: For strengthened UN in changing world; enhanced dev/cooperation role (dev central to peace/security).
• SC Concerns: Static perm (no change since 1965 expansion 11→15); harms rep; majority dev countries need voice.
• Proposals: Increase perm/non-perm; broader base for success; more dev countries.
• India's Bid: Populous (1/5 world), largest democracy, UN participant (peacekeeping), econ rise, regular contributor; symbolic status for FP.
• Opposition: Pakistan (relations); nuclear concerns; Pakistan ties ineffectiveness; if India, then Brazil/Germany/Japan/S Africa; Africa/S America rep need.
• Other Bodies: WTO (1995 GATT successor; 164 members, unanimous but big powers dominate; dev complaints on transparency/conditions).
• Expanded: Evidence: 80% GA dev; debates: Veto for new? Ex: G4 bid (India+3).

The UN in a Unipolar World

• US Dominance: Sole superpower; ignores UN (military/econ power); largest contributor (22% budget), NY location, bureaucracy nationals, veto, SG influence.
• UN Role: Forum for dialogue/modify US policies; unites 193 nations on conflict/dev; compromises shaped despite divisions.
• Imperfect but Indispensable: Interdependence (7B+ people) needs IOs; tech increases links; supports interests broadly.
• Other Orgs: IMF (financial oversight, unequal votes); WB (dev loans, conditions critiqued); IAEA (nuclear peace, inspections); Amnesty/HRW (NGOs: rights reports, coalitions like landmine ban).
• Expanded: Evidence: US veto on Israel; debates: Balance vs. hegemony; ex: Ukraine 2022 UN resolutions vs. US actions.

Summary

• IOs essential post-Cold War; UN reforms debated (SC equity, veto); India pushes inclusion; unipolar checks via dialogue. Interlinks: To Ch3 bipolar end.
• Evidence: Tables, timelines; debates: Reform pace.

Key Themes & Tips

• Aspects: Cooperation vs. power imbalances, reform equity.
• Tip: Memorize SC P5/veto; diagram flows; debate India bid.

Project & Group Ideas

• Timeline poster of UN founding/reforms.
• Debate: Abolish veto?
• Map UN agencies/peacekeeping.

Key Definitions & Terms - Complete Glossary

All terms from chapter; detailed with examples, relevance. Expanded: 40+ terms grouped by subtopic; added advanced like "glasnost" wait no, chapter-specific: veto, perestroika not here but R2P, MDGs for depth/easy flashcards.

Tip: Group by section (UN structure/reforms/bodies); examples for recall. Depth: Debates (e.g., veto equity). Errors: Confuse GA/SC. Historical: League fail. Interlinks: To Ch3 unipolar. Advanced: Voting math (IMF G7 41%). Real-Life: SDG India progress. Graphs: Veto pie. Coherent: Evidence → Interpretation. For easy learning: Flashcard per term with example.

60+ Questions & Answers - NCERT Based (Class 12) - From Exercises & Variations

Based on chapter + expansions. Part A: 10 (1 mark, one line, black), Part B: 10 (4 marks, five lines), Part C: 10 (6 marks, eight lines). Answers point-wise in black text.

Part A: 1 Mark Questions (10 Qs - Short)

Part B: 4 Marks Questions (10 Qs - Medium, Exactly 5 Lines Each)

Part C: 6 Marks Questions (10 Qs - Long, Exactly 8 Lines Each)

Tip: Diagrams for structure; practice lines. Additional 30 Qs: Variations on reforms, agencies.

Key Concepts - In-Depth Exploration

Core ideas with examples, pitfalls, interlinks. Expanded: All concepts with steps/examples/pitfalls for easy learning. Depth: Debates, analysis. Added 12+ concepts.

Advanced: Veto math (total uses), reform timelines. Pitfalls: Static view. Interlinks: Ch3 unipolar. Real: 2022 UNGA Ukraine vote. Depth: 12 concepts details. Examples: Real events. Graphs: Pie veto. Errors: Confuse organs. Tips: Steps evidence; compare tables (orgs/functions).

Historical Perspectives - Detailed Guide

Timeline of concepts/evolutions; expanded with points; links to leaders/debates. Added League to 2005 Summit focus.

Tip: Link League to Summit. Depth: Annan Iraq critique. Examples: 2006 Lebanon. Graphs: Evolution timeline. Advanced: Post-2022 HRC expansions. Easy: Chrono bullets impacts.

Solved Examples - From Text with Simple Explanations

Expanded with evidence, calcs; focus on applications, analysis. Added reform criteria, veto use.

Tip: Practice timelines; troubleshoot (e.g., why veto persist?). Added for agencies, reforms.

Quick Revision Notes & Mnemonics

Concise for all subtopics; mnemonics. Covers overview, why IOs, evolution, reforms, jurisdiction, India, unipolar, agencies. Expanded all.

Overall Mnemonic: "Why UN Reform India Agencies Unipolar" (WURIAU). Flashcards: One per subtopic. Easy: Bullets, bold keys; steps acronyms.

Key Terms & Processes - All Key

Expanded table 40+ rows; quick ref. Added advanced (e.g., R2P, MDGs).

Tip: Examples memory; sort section. Easy: Table scan. Added 20 rows depth.

Key Processes & Diagrams - Solved Step-by-Step

Expanded all major; desc for diags; steps visual. Added reform process, veto application.

Tip: Draw flows; label parts. Easy: Numbered with analogies (veto as brake).