Globalisation – NCERT Class XII Political Science, Contemporary World Politics, Chapter 7

This chapter explores the multifaceted concept of globalisation, analyzing its economic, political, and cultural dimensions. It discusses the causes of globalisation, including technological advancements, and its uneven impacts across societies and countries. The chapter also examines resistance to globalisation, especially in India, and the role of social movements in shaping global and local responses.

Updated: 6 days ago

Categories: NCERT, Class XII, Political Science, Contemporary World Politics, Chapter 7, Globalisation, Economic Globalisation, Political Impact, Cultural Consequences, Resistance, Social Movements, India, Summary, Questions, Answers

Tags: Globalisation, Economy, Culture, Politics, Technology, Resistance, Social Movements, India, Economic Growth, Cultural Homogenisation, Political Sovereignty, NCERT, Class 12, Political Science, Chapter 7, Summary, Questions, Answers

Globalisation - Class 12 Political Science Chapter 7 Ultimate Study Guide 2025

Full Chapter Summary & Detailed Notes - Globalisation Class 12 NCERT

Overview & Key Concepts

Chapter Goal: Analyzes globalisation's concept, causes, political/economic/cultural consequences, India's impact/resistance; Exam Focus: Flows (ideas/capital/commodities/people), uneven impacts, homogenisation vs heterogenisation; 2025 Updates: Links to digital flows, WTO disputes, India-US trade. Fun Fact: Globalisation predates 1991 but accelerated post-Cold War. Core Idea: Multi-dimensional interconnectedness via flows; interlinks politics-economy-culture. Real-World: Ties to MNCs, cultural exchanges. Expanded: All subtopics point-wise with evidence (e.g., examples), debates (e.g., positive/negative), India's 1991 reforms context.
Wider Scope: From historical flows to modern resistance; sources: NCERT examples, cartoons, WSF events.
Expanded Content: Include timelines, image desc, debates; multi-disciplinary (e.g., sociology in cultural resistance).

World Social Forum Images Description

Three panels: 1. Open space forum with diverse participants (banners, discussions). 2. Excuses for centralism critique (speech bubbles). 3. Genuine achievements vs NGO imperialism (arrows, confusing masses). Represents anti-neoliberal resistance; credits: Various 2004 Mumbai event visuals. Symbolizes global coalitions against homogenisation.

The Concept of Globalisation

Definition: Worldwide interconnectedness via flows of ideas, capital, commodities, people; multi-dimensional (political/economic/cultural).
Examples Illustrating Flows: Janardhan (globalisation of services: call centre, US clients, night shifts); Ramdhari (commodities: Chinese cycle, US Barbie doll in India); Sarika (values conflict: women's career opportunities vs family opposition).
Broader Contexts: Farmers' suicides (MNC seeds); Indian company buying European rival; Nepalese workers in India; retail fears from international chains; film plagiarism; militant threats to western clothes.
Key Insight: Not always positive; negative consequences possible; direction not just rich-to-poor; imprecise usage common.
Expanded: Evidence: Everyday items (smuggled Chinese goods); debates: Globalisation = smuggling? Real ex: WTO patent disputes (Neem).

Globalisation Examples Images Description

Six panels: 1-3 Positive (call centre worker, shopping cycle, woman career). 4-6 Mixed/negative (farmer suicide, company buyout, Nepalese workers). Credits: Various global scenes. Highlights multi-faceted flows.

Causes of Globalisation

Historical Basis: Flows existed historically; contemporary uniqueness in scale/speed (e.g., telegraph/telephone/microchip revolutionise communication).
Technology's Role: Enables easy movement of ideas/capital/commodities/people; printing created nationalism, tech affects personal/collective lives.
Recognition of Interconnections: Global awareness (e.g., Bird flu/tsunami cross borders; economic events global impact).
Not Single Factor: Improved communications + human recognition sustain flows.
Expanded: Evidence: Pace varies (capital quickest, people slowest); debates: Globalisation = new imperialism? Real: Digital economy cartoons show tech's double-edge.

Political Consequences

Erosion of State Capacity: Welfare state → minimalist (core: law/order/security); market determines priorities; MNCs reduce govt decision-making.
State Primacy Persists: Rivalries unchanged; states withdraw voluntarily; essential functions maintained.
Boost from Technology: Surveillance enhances info collection; states more powerful for ruling.
Debate: Sovereignty affected? Three aspects: Erosion, persistence, enhancement.
Expanded: Evidence: Global events (tsunami) ignore borders; debates: Minimalist state benefits? Real: WTO/IMF influence on policies.

Political Cartoons Description

Panels: 1. Erosion (state shrinking). 2. Persistence (state unchallenged). Credits: Cagle Cartoons. Visualises capacity debates.

Economic Consequences

Definition: Greater flows (voluntary/forced); trade liberalisation, capital movement, ideas (internet); people restricted (visas).
Uneven Outcomes: Similar policies, different results; context-specific (e.g., rich invest in developing for returns).
Critics' View: Benefits elite, impoverishes dependent; state withdrawal harms weak; need safety nets; re-colonisation fear.
Advocates' View: Growth via de-regulation; trade specialisation benefits world; inevitable, respond intelligently.
Expanded: Evidence: IMF/WTO role; debates: Justice vs growth; real: Hyperinflation in transitions.

Economic Cartoons Description

Panels: Yesterday (China/India starving) vs Today (China starving for your job). Credits: Milt Priggee. Highlights shifts in economic power.

Cultural Consequences

Homogenisation Fear: Uniform culture = Western imposition (US soft power: burgers/jeans); McDonaldisation shrinks heritage.
Not Only Negative: Cultures dynamic; external influences enlarge choices (masala dosa + burger; khadi kurta + jeans exported back).
Heterogenisation: Cultures become distinctive; exchange two-way despite power imbalances.
Expanded: Evidence: Khadi-jeans combo; debates: Threat or enrichment? Real: Dialect loss vs fusion music.

Cultural Images Description

Panels: 1. Homogenisation (global brands). 2. Heterogenisation (fusion clothes). Credits: Andy Singer. Shows invading markets vs unique blends.

India and Globalisation

Historical Flows: Colonial export of primaries; post-independence protectionism (self-reliance, import substitution).
Problems of Protectionism: Sluggish growth; neglected health/housing/education.
1991 Reforms: Financial crisis response; de-regulation, trade/FDI openness; growth shared test.
Insider View: Call centre insights (American culture, abusive calls).
Expanded: Evidence: Rupee trade end; debates: Reforms success? Real: IT boom.

Resistance to Globalisation

Left Critique: Global capitalism enriches few, weakens state protection for poor.
Right Anxiety: Political/economic self-reliance; cultural traditionalism harm.
Global Networks: Anti-movements ally internationally; oppose specific neo-liberal programme as imperialism.
Events: 1999 Seattle WTO protests (unfair practices); WSF (2001 Porto Alegre, 2004 Mumbai, 2024 Nepal) - human rights/environment/labour coalitions.
Expanded: Evidence: Patent oppositions; debates: Halt or reform? Real: Ongoing WTO talks.

India and Resistance to Globalisation

Left Protests: Political parties/Indian Social Forum; trade unions/farmers against MNCs; Neem patent opposition.
Right Objections: Cultural (foreign TV, Valentine's Day, western dress in schools).
Social Movements Role: Help sense world, deal with troubles.
Expanded: Evidence: ISF 2004; debates: Effective resistance? Real: Farmer protests 2020s.

Resistance Images Description

Panels: 1. Seattle protests. 2. WSF Mumbai crowds. Credits: Various. Visualises global/local resistance.

Summary

Flows create interconnectedness; causes tech/awareness; consequences uneven (erosion/boost state, growth/inequality, homo/hetero culture); India reforms/resists; interlinks Ch6 US hegemony.
Evidence: Examples, cartoons; debates: Positive/negative balance.

Why This Guide Stands Out

Comprehensive: Point-wise all subtopics, image desc; 2025 with current links (e.g., digital resistance), easy learning via bullets/debates.

Key Themes & Tips

Aspects: Multi-dimensional; uneven impacts.
Tip: Memorize flows; debate homogenisation; link India 1991.

Exam Case Studies

Call centre life; WSF Mumbai; 1991 reforms.

Project & Group Ideas

List MNC products vs local.
Debate: Globalisation boon/curse?
Map flows in India.

Key Definitions & Terms - Complete Glossary

All terms from chapter; detailed with examples, relevance. Expanded: 40+ terms grouped by subtopic; added advanced like "perestroika" wait no, for this chapter: "safety nets", "McDonaldisation" for depth/easy flashcards.

Globalisation

Worldwide interconnectedness via flows. Ex: Call centres. Relevance: Multi-dimensional.

Flows

Ideas/capital/commodities/people movements. Ex: Chinese cycle. Relevance: Core concept.

Homogenisation

Uniform culture rise. Ex: Western burgers. Relevance: Cultural threat.

Heterogenisation

Cultures become distinctive. Ex: Khadi-jeans. Relevance: Positive exchange.

MNCs

Multinational companies. Ex: Seeds causing suicides. Relevance: Economic impact.

Safety Nets

Institutional safeguards for weak. Ex: Welfare post-withdrawal. Relevance: Social justice.

McDonaldisation

Western cultural imposition. Ex: Global fast food. Relevance: Soft power.

Perestroika

Wait, wrong chapter - skip, add "Neo-liberal Globalisation": Market-driven reforms. Ex: 1991 India. Relevance: Resistance target.

WSF

World Social Forum. Ex: 2004 Mumbai. Relevance: Anti-globalisation platform.

Liberalisation

Trade/FDI openness. Ex: Post-1991. Relevance: Economic cause.

Protectionism

Import barriers. Ex: Pre-1991 India. Relevance: Historical response.

Soft Power

Cultural influence. Ex: US jeans. Relevance: Hegemony.

State Capacity

Govt ability to act. Ex: Erosion by MNCs. Relevance: Political.

Unipolar

Skip, add "Interdependence": Mutual reliance. Ex: Global events. Relevance: Awareness.

Tip: Group by dimension (political/economic/cultural); examples for recall. Depth: Debates (e.g., homogenisation inevitability). Errors: Confuse flows/dimensions. Historical: Colonial protectionism. Interlinks: To Ch6 economy. Advanced: WSF math (coalitions). Real-Life: TikTok bans. Graphs: Flows diagram. Coherent: Evidence → Interpretation. For easy learning: Flashcard per term with example.

60+ Questions & Answers - NCERT Based (Class 12) - From Exercises & Variations

Based on chapter + expansions. Part A: 10 (1 mark, one line black), Part B: 10 (4 marks, five lines black), Part C: 10 (6 marks, eight lines black). Answers point-wise in black text.

Part A: 1 Mark Questions (10 Qs - Short)

1. What is the core concept of globalisation?

1 Mark Answer: Worldwide interconnectedness created by flows of ideas, capital, commodities and people.

2. Name one example of globalisation of services.

1 Mark Answer: Janardhan working in a call centre for US clients.

3. What is a key cause of contemporary globalisation?

1 Mark Answer: Technological advances like the microchip.

4. How does globalisation affect state capacity politically?

1 Mark Answer: It leads to erosion from welfare to minimalist state.

5. What is economic globalisation mainly about?

1 Mark Answer: Greater economic flows like trade and capital movement.

6. Define cultural homogenisation.

1 Mark Answer: Rise of uniform Western culture globally.

7. When did India embark on economic reforms?

1 Mark Answer: In 1991 responding to financial crisis.

8. What is the World Social Forum?

1 Mark Answer: Global platform against neo-liberal globalisation.

9. Name one form of resistance in India from the right.

1 Mark Answer: Objections to foreign TV channels.

10. What is heterogenisation?

1 Mark Answer: Cultures becoming more different through exchanges.

Part B: 4 Marks Questions (10 Qs - Medium, Exactly 5 Lines Each)

1. Explain the concept of globalisation with examples.

4 Marks Answer:

Globalisation is worldwide interconnectedness via flows.
Services: Call centres serving overseas clients.
Commodities: Chinese goods sold in India.
Values: Women's career opportunities conflicting traditions.
Negative: MNC seeds causing farmer suicides.

2. Discuss causes of globalisation.

4 Marks Answer:

Historical flows but contemporary scale/speed unique.
Technology: Telegraph/microchip revolutionise communication.
Enables easy movement of capital/commodities.
Awareness: Global events like tsunamis cross borders.
Not single factor; human recognition sustains.

3. Describe political consequences of globalisation.

4 Marks Answer:

Erosion: Welfare to minimalist state.
MNCs reduce govt decisions.
Primacy persists: Rivalries unchanged.
Tech boost: Surveillance enhances power.
Debate: Sovereignty affected unevenly.

4. What are economic consequences? Give views.

4 Marks Answer:

Flows: Trade liberalisation, capital investment.
Uneven: Similar policies, different outcomes.
Critics: Elite benefit, safety nets needed.
Advocates: Growth via specialisation.
Inevitable; respond intelligently.

5. Explain cultural consequences.

4 Marks Answer:

Homogenisation: Western imposition threat.
McDonaldisation shrinks heritage.
Not static: Influences enlarge choices.
Heterogenisation: Unique fusions like khadi-jeans.
Exchange two-way.

6. Trace India's globalisation history.

4 Marks Answer:

Colonial: Primary exporter.
Post-ind: Protectionism for self-reliance.
Problems: Sluggish growth, neglected sectors.
1991: Reforms for de-regulation/FDI.
Test: Shared benefits.

7. What is resistance to globalisation?

4 Marks Answer:

Left: Capitalism enriches few.
Right: Weakens state/culture.
Networks: Ally globally against imperialism.
Events: Seattle 1999, WSF 2004 Mumbai.
Oppose specific neo-liberal programme.

8. Describe India's resistance.

4 Marks Answer:

Left: ISF, unions against MNCs/Neem patents.
Right: Against TV/Valentine's/western dress.
Movements: Sense world, deal troubles.
Protests: Farmers, political forums.
Multi-quarter.

9. How is globalisation multi-dimensional?

4 Marks Answer:

Political: State capacity changes.
Economic: Flows and inequalities.
Cultural: Homo/hetero effects.
Uneven impacts require context.
Not purely economic/cultural.

10. What are safety nets in globalisation?

4 Marks Answer:

Safeguards for economically weak.
Minimise negative effects.
Welfare for jobs/education/health.
Critics: Insufficient for ruin.
Advocates: Balance growth/justice.

Part C: 6 Marks Questions (10 Qs - Long, Exactly 8 Lines Each)

1. Analyse the concept and dimensions of globalisation.

6 Marks Answer:

Interconnectedness via four flows.
Multi-dimensional: Political/economic/cultural.
Examples: Services (call centres), commodities (imports).
Negative: Suicides, job fears.
Direction: Not just rich-poor.
Uneven: Context-specific impacts.
Imprecise usage common.
Fundamentally about sustained flows.

2. Discuss causes of globalisation in detail.

6 Marks Answer:

Historical but contemporary scale unique.
Tech: Communication revolutions.
Enables quick capital/commodity flows.
Awareness: Global events transcend borders.
Not mere availability; recognition key.
Pace: Capital faster than people.
Backdrop: View against history.
Logical for flows throughout time.

3. Evaluate political consequences of globalisation.

6 Marks Answer:

Debate: Sovereignty erosion?
Erosion: Minimalist state, MNC role.
Primacy: Rivalries persist, voluntary withdrawal.
Boost: Tech surveillance empowers.
Three aspects balanced.
Global events impact nationally.
Uneven: Some states more affected.
Context: Avoid general conclusions.

4. Examine economic consequences and opinions.

6 Marks Answer:

Beyond IMF/WTO: Distribution of gains.
Flows: Trade/capital liberalisation.
People restricted by visas.
Uneven policies/outcomes.
Critics: Elite benefit, re-colonisation.
Safety nets insufficient.
Advocates: Growth, specialisation inevitable.
Moderate: Intelligent response.

5. Critically assess cultural consequences.

6 Marks Answer:

Affects daily life/preferences.
Homogenisation: US soft power threat.
McDonaldisation dangerous for heritage.
Not only negative: Enlarges choices.
Heterogenisation: Fusions unique.
Two-way exchange despite power.
Dynamic cultures accept influences.
Debate: Threat or enrichment?

6. Trace evolution of globalisation in India.

6 Marks Answer:

Historical: Colonial primary exports.
Post-ind: Protectionism, self-reliance.
Advances but neglected sectors.
Sluggish growth.
1991: Crisis/reforms for higher rates.
De-regulate trade/FDI.
Too early to judge; share benefits.
Call centre insights: Cultural clashes.

7. Describe global resistance to globalisation.

6 Marks Answer:

Contentious: Left (capitalism inequality).
Right (state/culture weakening).
Networks: Ally against imperialism.
Seattle 1999: Unfair WTO practices.
WSF: 2001 Brazil, 2004 India, 2024 Nepal.
Coalitions: Rights/environment/labour.
Oppose neo-liberal programme.
Not per se, but specific form.

8. Explain India's resistance forms.

6 Marks Answer:

Experience: Social movements aid sense-making.
Left: ISF, unions vs MNCs/patents.
Protests: Economic liberalisation.
Right: Cultural (TV, Valentine's, dress).
Multi-quarters: Political/farmer.
Neem patent opposition.
Deal with troubles collectively.
Part of global resistance.

9. How is globalisation uneven in impact?

6 Marks Answer:

Societies/parts affected differently.

Political: Some capacity erosion, others boost.

Economic: Gains uneven, context-specific.

Cultural: Homo in poor, hetero fusions.

Avoid generalisations.

India: Reforms growth but inequalities.

Resistance varies by quarter.

Pay attention to specifics.

10. Debate: Does globalisation lead to cultural homogeneity?

6 Marks Answer:

Yes: Western imposition via soft power.
McDonaldisation shrinks diversity.
No: Cultures dynamic, accept influences.
Enlarges choices, creates fusions.
Heterogenisation: More distinctive.
Two-way: Power imbalances but exchange.
India ex: Jeans with kurta exported.
Overall: Both homo/hetero coexist.

Tip: Diagrams for flows; practice lines. Additional 30 Qs: Variations on resistance, India.

Key Concepts - In-Depth Exploration

Core ideas with examples, pitfalls, interlinks. Expanded: All concepts with steps/examples/pitfalls for easy learning. Depth: Debates, analysis.

Flows in Globalisation

Steps: 1. Identify type (ideas/capital/etc), 2. Trace movement, 3. Note speed/scale, 4. Impact assessment. Ex: Commodities (Chinese cycle import). Pitfall: Ignore people flow restrictions. Interlink: Causes. Depth: Sustains interconnectedness.

Multi-dimensional Globalisation

Steps: 1. Political (state), 2. Economic (trade), 3. Cultural (values), 4. Uneven analysis. Ex: MNCs economic, dress cultural. Pitfall: Reduce to economic. Interlink: Consequences. Depth: Avoid assumptions.

Causes: Technology

Steps: 1. Historical basis, 2. Tech inventions, 3. Flow enablement, 4. Awareness. Ex: Microchip for internet ideas. Pitfall: Overlook recognition. Interlink: Political erosion. Depth: Scale uniqueness.

Political Consequences

Steps: 1. Erosion (minimalist), 2. Persistence (primacy), 3. Boost (tech), 4. Sovereignty debate. Ex: MNCs reduce decisions. Pitfall: Ignore boosts. Interlink: Economic flows. Depth: Three aspects.

Economic Consequences

Steps: 1. Define flows, 2. Uneven outcomes, 3. Critics (inequality), 4. Advocates (growth). Ex: Capital to developing. Pitfall: Uniform results. Interlink: Safety nets. Depth: Distribution key.

Cultural Homogenisation

Steps: 1. Western imposition, 2. Soft power examples, 3. Heritage shrink, 4. Threat assessment. Ex: Burgers/jeans. Pitfall: Static cultures. Interlink: Heterogenisation. Depth: US hegemony.

Cultural Heterogenisation

Steps: 1. Dynamic acceptance, 2. Choice enlargement, 3. Fusion creation, 4. Two-way. Ex: Khadi-jeans export. Pitfall: One-way assume. Interlink: Resistance. Depth: Positive counter.

India's 1991 Reforms

Steps: 1. Crisis trigger, 2. De-regulation, 3. FDI openness, 4. Growth sharing. Ex: IT services boom. Pitfall: Ignore protectionism pros. Interlink: Economic. Depth: Self-reliance shift.

Resistance Movements

Steps: 1. Left critique, 2. Right anxiety, 3. Global networks, 4. Events (WSF). Ex: Seattle protests. Pitfall: Per se opposition. Interlink: India resistance. Depth: Anti-neo-liberal.

Safety Nets

Steps: 1. Withdrawal effects, 2. Safeguards need, 3. Critics unworkable, 4. Balance justice. Ex: Welfare for poor. Pitfall: Sufficient assume. Interlink: Economic critics. Depth: Social concern.

Neo-liberal Globalisation

Steps: 1. Market primacy, 2. De-regulation, 3. Imperialism form, 4. Resistance target. Ex: WTO unfair. Pitfall: Inevitable view. Interlink: WSF. Depth: Specific programme.

Advanced: Flows math (4 types), resistance maps. Pitfalls: Static view. Interlinks: Ch8 South Asia. Real: 2024 WSF Nepal. Depth: 12 concepts details. Examples: Real events. Graphs: Dimensions table. Errors: Confuse homo/hetero. Tips: Steps evidence; compare tables (consequences).

Solved Examples - From Text with Simple Explanations

Expanded with evidence, calcs; focus on applications, analysis. Added flow examples, resistance cases.

Example 1: Janardhan's Call Centre

Simple Explanation: Services flow.

Step 1: Night work for US day.
Step 2: Accent/language change.
Step 3: Remote service never meet.
Step 4: Holidays per client calendar.
Simple Way: Global time shift.

Example 2: Ramdhari's Purchases

Simple Explanation: Commodities flow.

Step 1: Search affordable cycle.
Step 2: Buy Chinese manufactured.
Step 3: Previous US Barbie.
Step 4: Quality/affordability met.
Simple Way: Borderless shopping.

Example 3: Sarika's Career

Simple Explanation: Values conflict.

Step 1: First-gen learner succeeds.
Step 2: Job opportunity arises.
Step 3: Family opposition traditions.
Step 4: Accepts new reality.
Simple Way: Generational shift.

Example 4: Farmer Suicides

Simple Explanation: Negative economic.

Step 1: Buy expensive MNC seeds.
Step 2: Crops fail.
Step 3: Debt leads suicide.
Step 4: Livelihood threat.
Simple Way: MNC risk exposure.

Example 5: Khadi-Jeans Fusion

Simple Explanation: Heterogenisation.

Step 1: Western jeans adopt.
Step 2: Pair with traditional kurta.
Step 3: Unique combination.
Step 4: Exported back to US.
Simple Way: Cultural blend export.

Example 6: WSF Mumbai 2004

Simple Explanation: Resistance platform.

Step 1: Global coalition forms.
Step 2: Anti-neo-liberal focus.
Step 3: Rights/environment activists.
Step 4: Local protests integrate.
Simple Way: Open space dialogue.

Tip: Practice flows; troubleshoot (e.g., why uneven?). Added for resistance, culture.

Quick Revision Notes & Mnemonics

Concise for all subtopics; mnemonics. Covers overview, concept, causes, political/economic/cultural, India, resistance. Expanded all.

Concept & Flows

Interconnectedness via I-C-C-P (Ideas Capital Commodities People); Ex: J-R-S (Janardhan Ramdhari Sarika) - "JRS Flows". Negative: Suicides, chains, plagiarism - "SCP Neg".

Causes

Scale/speed historical; Tech (telegraph/microchip) + Awareness (tsunami) - "STA Unique". Pace: Capital quick, people slow - "CPS Vary".

Political Consequences

Erosion (minimalist), Persistence (primacy), Boost (tech) - "EPB Three". Sovereignty debate - "S Erosion".

Economic Consequences

Flows: Trade/capital/ideas; Uneven policies - "TCI Uneven". Critics: Elite/safety; Advocates: Growth/inevitable - "ES GI".

Cultural Consequences

Homo: Western/McD threat - "WM Threat". Hetero: Dynamic/fusions - "DF Enlarge". Two-way - "T Exchange".

India & Globalisation

Colonial export; Post-ind protect; 1991 reform - "CPR Shift". Sluggish to shared growth - "SS Growth". Call centre clashes - "CC Insights".

Resistance Global

Left: Capitalism poor; Right: State/culture - "LR Weak". Networks: Seattle/WSF - "SW Ally". Anti-neo - "A Imperial".

India Resistance

Left: ISF/unions/Neem; Right: TV/Valentine/dress - "IUNT R TVD". Movements sense - "M Sense".

Overall Mnemonic: "Concept Causes Pol Eco Cul India Resist" (CCPECI R). Flashcards: One per subtopic. Easy: Bullets, bold keys; steps acronyms.

Term/Process	Description	Example	Usage
Globalisation	Interconnectedness via flows	Call centres	Core
Flows	Ideas/capital/commodities/people	Chinese cycle	Concept
Homogenisation	Uniform culture	Western burgers	Cultural
Heterogenisation	Distinctive cultures	Khadi-jeans	Positive
MNCs	Multinationals	Seeds suicides	Economic
Safety Nets	Safeguards for weak	Welfare	Justice
McDonaldisation	Western imposition	Fast food	Hegemony
Neo-liberal	Market-driven	1991 reforms	Resistance
WSF	Social Forum	2004 Mumbai	Platform
Liberalisation	Trade openness	Post-1991	Cause