Complete Solutions and Summary of Political Parties – NCERT Class 10, Civics, Chapter 4 – Summary, Questions, Answers, Extra Questions

Comprehensive summary and explanation of Chapter 4 'Political Parties', exploring the necessity, functions, and role of political parties in democracies, especially India, analysis of national and regional parties, issues with party systems, role in social divisions, and reforms—with all question answers and extra questions from NCERT Class X Civics.

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Political Parties Class 10 NCERT Chapter 4 - Complete Study Guide, Notes, Questions, Quiz 2025

Comprehensive Chapter Summary - Political Parties Class 10 NCERT

Overview

Chapter Purpose: Explores political parties' role in democracy, from rise to formation of governments. Builds on Class IX concepts like electoral politics, federal power sharing, and social divisions. Key questions: Why need parties? How many ideal? Introduces national/regional parties in India, challenges, reforms. Key Insight: Parties essential for democracy but criticized; omnipresent in modern democracies. Visibility equals democracy for ordinary citizens, yet blamed for divisions. About 100 years ago, few countries had parties; now, almost all do.
Expanded Relevance 2025: With rising coalitions, focus on multi-party systems, reforms like anti-defection. Update: Recent elections show dynamic party roles.
Exam Tip: Distinguish national/state parties; use cartoons for challenges; know recognition criteria.
Broader Implications: Parties aggregate views, form governments, shape opinions; challenges like dynasties affect democracy quality.

Why Do We Need Political Parties?

Visibility and Criticism: Most visible in democracy; ordinary citizens equate democracy to parties. Less educated know parties more than Constitution/government. Yet, critical: blamed for wrongs, divisions. Parties partial, partisan, lead to partitions.
Omnipresence: Few countries had parties 100 years ago; now, few without. Why? Answer via meaning/functions/necessity.
Meaning: Group contesting elections, holding power. Agree on policies/programmes for collective good. Persuade people their policies better. Reflect societal divisions; involve partisanship. Components: Leaders, active members, followers. Glossary: Partisan (committed to party, biased view).
Functions: 1. Contest elections (candidates selected variably, e.g., USA members choose; India leaders). 2. Forward policies/programmes (group opinions for direction). 3. Make laws (members follow party line). 4. Form/run governments (recruit/train leaders, ministers). 5. Opposition role (criticize, mobilize). 6. Shape public opinion (raise issues, movements via extensions/pressure groups). 7. Access to government/welfare (responsive to needs or rejected). Glossary: Ruling Party (runs government).
Necessity: Without parties: Independent candidates, no policy promises, uncertain government utility, no national responsibility. Panchayat elections show informal party-like panels. Linked to representative democracies: Gather views, form responsible governments, support/restrain. Necessary condition for democracy. Activity: Categorize photos by functions (e.g., protest against prices - opposition).

How Many Parties Should We Have?

Freedom to Form: Any group can form; India >750 registered with ECI, but not all serious.
Party Systems: One-party (e.g., China Communist - not democratic, no free competition). Two-party (power changes between two, e.g., USA/UK). Multi-party (several compete, alliances/coalitions, e.g., India NDA/UPA/Left Front 2004 - messy but represents diversity). Evolves from society, divisions, history, elections; not chosen. India multi-party due to diversity. Activity: Apply to states: Two-party, multi with two alliances, multi-party (find states).

Popular Participation in Political Parties

Crisis Perception: Parties unpopular, citizens indifferent? Partly true for India; evidence from surveys.
Evidence: Low trust in South Asia (more 'not much/at all' than 'some/great'). Least trusted globally. Yet high participation: India membership > Canada/Japan/Spain/South Korea. Proportion risen steadily. 'Close to party' risen in India. Graphics: Party membership rise; trust pie chart; despites fluctuations, participation high.

National Parties

Federal Context: Country-wide (national) vs one-unit (state/regional). All follow national policies. ECI registers all equal but recognizes large: Unique symbol, facilities. Criteria: 6% votes Assembly +2 seats (state); 6% Lok Sabha/Assembly 4 states +4 LS seats (national). 2023: 6 recognized national.
AAP: Formed 2012 from anti-corruption; accountability, transparency. Delhi Assembly 2013 (2nd largest, government with INC); Gujarat 2022 (third). Governments Punjab/Delhi; 2019 LS: 1 seat.
BSP: 1984 Kanshi Ram; represents bahujan (dalits/adivasis/OBCs/minorities). Inspiration Sahu/Phule/Periyar/Ambedkar. Base UP; presence MP/Chhattisgarh/Uttarakhand/Delhi/Punjab. UP governments via alliances; 2019: 3.63% votes, 10 LS seats.
BJP: 1980 from Jana Sangh (1951 Mukherjee). Inspiration culture/values, integral humanism/Antyodaya, Hindutva. Full J&K integration, uniform code, ban conversions. Expanded 1990s; 1998 NDA leader; 2019 largest (303 LS seats), leads NDA.
CPI-M: 1964; Marxism-Leninism, socialism/secularism/democracy vs imperialism/communalism. Democratic elections for justice. Support Bengal/Kerala/Tripura (poor/workers/farmers/intelligentsia). Critical economic policies; Bengal power 34 years; 2019: 1.75% votes, 3 seats.
INC: 1885, oldest; many splits. Dominant post-Independence till 1977, 1980-89. Nehru leadership: Secular democratic republic. Support declined post-1989; centrist, secularism, weaker sections/minorities welfare. New reforms human face; UPA 2004-2019; 2019: 19.5% votes, 52 seats.
NPP: 2013 Sangma; first NE national. Diversity, regional challenges; education/employment/empowerment. Meghalaya government; NE presence; 2019: 1 LS seat.
Cartoon: Crunching Numbers - reflects low trust?

State Parties

Classification: Major non-national classified state (regional). Not necessarily regional ideology; some all-India but succeed locally (e.g., SP/RJD national org but state success). Others state-conscious (BJD/SDF/MNF/TRS). Number/strength expanded last 3 decades; Parliament diverse. No national majority alone till 2014; alliances with state parties. Since 1996, state parties in coalitions; strengthens federalism/democracy. Map: Regional Parties India (as on 13 April 2018).

Challenges to Political Parties

Dissatisfaction Focus: Parties visible, blamed for democracy failures. Four areas: 1. Lack internal democracy (power concentration top; no registers/meetings/elections; members lack info/connections; leaders paramount; dissent hard; loyalty to leader > principles). 2. Dynastic succession (few rise ordinary; leaders favor family; unfair, bad for democracy; global issue). 3. Money/muscle power (win-focused; nominate rich/criminals; rich influence policies; worry globally). 4. No meaningful choice (declining ideological differences; e.g., UK Labour/Conservative little differ; India economic policies similar; same leaders shift parties). Cartoons: Berlusconi (dynasty/money), Corporate control USA, Money in elections.

How Can Parties Be Reformed?

Willingness/Force: Parties need reform; if willing, why not? If not, force via citizens? Leaders decide; replace via elections but still party leaders.
Recent Efforts: Anti-defection amendment (lose seat if change parties; reduced defection but curbs dissent). Supreme Court: Affidavit property/criminal cases (info public; no check truth/influence decline). ECI: Organizational elections, income tax returns (formality; unclear internal democracy).
Suggestions: Law regulate internal (registers, constitution, independent authority, open elections). Minimum 1/3 women tickets/quota decisions. State funding (cash/kind based votes). Not accepted; over-regulation counterproductive; parties resist.
Other Ways: Pressure via petitions/publicity/agitations (media/pressure groups). Join parties to improve (public participation solves bad politics). Cartoon: Reforming parties acceptable?

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Key Themes

Party Dynamics: Functions vs challenges.
Systems Details: One/two/multi-party; India multi.
Reforms Links: Legal/public pressure.
Critical Thinking: Why multi-party messy? Reforms feasible?

Cases for Exams

Discuss AAP rise; BSP ideology; challenges cartoons.

Exercises Summary

Focus: Expanded to 60 Q&A from PDF: 20 short (2M), 20 medium (4M), 20 long (8M) based on NCERT exercises + similar.
Project Idea: Analyze recent elections; map parties.

Questions & Answers - CBSE Class 10 (60 from NCERT PDF)

20 Short (2M), 20 Medium (4M), 20 Long (8M) based on PDF exercises/content.

Short Questions (2 Marks Each) - 20 Total

1. Political party meaning? (PDF p.47)

Answer: Group contesting elections, holding power; agrees on policies for collective good.

2. Partisan? (PDF p.48)

Answer: Committed to party; biased view.

3. Ruling party? (PDF p.49)

Answer: Runs government.

4. One-party system example? (PDF p.51)

Answer: China Communist Party.

5. Two-party example? (PDF p.51)

Answer: USA/UK.

6. Multi-party example? (PDF p.51)

Answer: India (NDA/UPA).

7. AAP formed? (PDF p.54)

Answer: 2012.

8. BSP founder? (PDF p.54)

Answer: Kanshi Ram.

9. BJP formed? (PDF p.54)

Answer: 1980.

10. CPI-M formed? (PDF p.54)

Answer: 1964.

11. INC formed? (PDF p.55)

Answer: 1885.

12. NPP formed? (PDF p.55)

Answer: 2013.

13. Defection? (PDF p.59)

Answer: Changing party post-election.

14. Affidavit? (PDF p.60)

Answer: Sworn statement property/cases.

15. National party criteria? (PDF p.53)

Answer: 6% votes 4 states +4 LS seats.

16. State party criteria? (PDF p.53)

Answer: 6% votes state +2 Assembly seats.

17. BJP philosophy? (PDF p.54)

Answer: Hindutva, integral humanism.

18. BSP represents? (PDF p.54)

Answer: Bahujan samaj (dalits etc.).

19. INC ideology? (PDF p.55)

Answer: Centrist, secularism.

20. First challenge? (PDF p.57)

Answer: Lack internal democracy.

Medium Questions (4 Marks Each) - 20 Total

1. Why parties omnipresent? (PDF p.47)

Answer: Few countries had parties 100 years ago; now almost all do due to democracy needs. Parties contest elections, form governments, reflect divisions. Visibility high but criticism for wrongs/divisions. Ordinary citizens know parties more than government.

2. Party components? (PDF p.48)

Answer: Leaders (decision-makers), active members (work for party), followers (support/vote). Parties partisan, stand for policies/interests. Persuade people their views better via elections.

3. Contest elections function? (PDF p.48)

Answer: Parties put candidates; selection varies (USA members/supporters; India leaders). Elections fought among party candidates mainly.

4. Policies/programmes function? (PDF p.48)

Answer: Group opinions into positions; voters choose. Governments base on ruling party line; reduces variety to directions.

5. Make laws function? (PDF p.49)

Answer: Debated in legislature but members follow party leadership; decisive role despite personal opinions.

6. Form governments function? (PDF p.49)

Answer: Recruit/train leaders, make ministers; big decisions by executive from parties.

7. Opposition role? (PDF p.49)

Answer: Losing parties voice views, criticize failures/wrongs; mobilize against government.

8. Shape opinion function? (PDF p.49)

Answer: Raise/highlight issues; members/activists spread; pressure groups extensions; launch movements; opinions crystallize on party lines.

9. Access welfare function? (PDF p.49)

Answer: Easier approach local leader than officer; parties responsive to needs/demands or rejected in elections.

10. Necessity without parties? (PDF p.49)

Answer: Independents: No promises/changes; uncertain utility; no national responsibility. Panchayats show panels like parties.

11. One-party system? (PDF p.51)

Answer: Only one controls/runs (China); not democratic, no free competition/power chance.

12. Two-party system? (PDF p.51)

Answer: Power between two main (USA/UK); others exist but only two majority chance.

13. Multi-party system? (PDF p.51)

Answer: Several reasonable power chance, alliances (India NDA/UPA); messy/instable but diverse representation.

14. Trust in parties? (PDF p.52)

Answer: Low South Asia/global; more 'not much/at all' than 'some/great'. Least trusted institutions.

15. Participation level? (PDF p.52)

Answer: High; India membership > advanced countries; risen steadily; 'close to party' risen.

16. National vs state? (PDF p.53)

Answer: National country-wide units; state one/few units. ECI recognizes based votes/seats.

17. Internal democracy challenge? (PDF p.57)

Answer: Power top; no registers/meetings/elections; members lack info; leaders paramount; dissent hard.

18. Dynastic succession? (PDF p.58)

Answer: Leaders favor family; unfair to others; inexperienced gain power; global including democracies.

19. Money/muscle? (PDF p.58)

Answer: Win-focused; nominate rich/criminals; donors influence; global worry.

20. No choice? (PDF p.58)

Answer: Declining ideological differences; similar policies; leaders shift parties.

Long Questions (8 Marks Each) - 20 Total

1. Functions political parties? (PDF p.61, NCERT Q1)

Answer: Political parties perform crucial functions in democracy. They contest elections by putting up candidates selected through various methods like member voting in the USA or top leader choice in India. Parties forward different policies and programmes, grouping diverse opinions into basic positions for voters to choose from, with governments basing policies on the ruling party's line. They play a decisive role in making laws, as legislators follow party directions. Parties form and run governments by recruiting and training leaders to become ministers. Losing parties act as opposition, voicing different views and criticizing government failures. Parties shape public opinion by raising issues, launching movements, and having extensions as pressure groups. Finally, they provide access to government machinery and welfare schemes, being responsive to people's needs to avoid rejection in elections. These functions make parties necessary for representative democracy, aggregating views and forming responsible governments.

2. Challenges parties? (PDF p.61, NCERT Q2)

Answer: Political parties face four major challenges. First, lack of internal democracy: Power concentrates at the top, with no membership registers, organizational meetings, or internal elections; ordinary members lack information and influence, leading to paramount leader power and difficult dissent. Second, dynastic succession: Ordinary workers rarely rise; leaders favor family members, unfair to others and bad for democracy as inexperienced gain power—a global issue. Third, growing role of money and muscle power: Focused on winning, parties nominate rich or criminal candidates; donors influence policies, worrying democrats worldwide. Fourth, failure to provide meaningful choice: Declining ideological differences, as seen in UK Labour/Conservative or India economic policies; voters get similar options, with leaders shifting parties. These challenges make parties blamed for democracy's failures, requiring reforms for effectiveness.

3. Reforms strengthen parties? (PDF p.61, NCERT Q3)

Answer: To strengthen parties and their functions, several reforms are suggested. A law should regulate internal affairs, mandating membership registers, following own constitution, independent authority for disputes, and open elections for highest posts. Parties should give minimum one-third tickets to women and have quotas in decision-making bodies. State funding of elections in cash or kind (petrol, paper) based on past votes could reduce money influence. Recent efforts include anti-defection law to prevent seat loss on party change, Supreme Court affidavit for property/criminal details, and ECI orders for organizational elections and tax returns. Public pressure through petitions, agitations, and media can force reforms if parties fear losing support. Citizens joining parties can improve from within, as more participation solves bad politics. These could enhance internal democracy, reduce dynasties/money power, and provide better choices, but over-regulation may be counterproductive.

4. Political party? (PDF p.61, NCERT Q4)

Answer: A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government. They agree on policies and programmes for society to promote collective good, persuading people their policies are better through elections. Parties reflect fundamental societal divisions and involve partisanship, known by parts they stand for, policies supported, and interests upheld. Components include leaders (decision-makers), active members (party workers), and followers (supporters). In democracy, parties are essential as they fill offices, exercise power via functions like contesting elections, forwarding policies, making laws, forming governments, opposition role, shaping opinion, and providing welfare access. Without parties, democracies can't function effectively, as independents lack policy promises and national responsibility. Parties evolved with representative democracies to aggregate views and form responsible governments.

5. Party characteristics? (PDF p.61, NCERT Q5)

Answer: Political parties have key characteristics making them vital in democracy. They are groups united to contest elections and gain power, agreeing on policies/programmes for collective good. Parties are partisan, reflecting societal divisions and standing for specific interests/policies. They have three components: Leaders for decisions, active members for operations, followers for support. Parties persuade voters their views are better, implementing via election wins. In functions, they select candidates, group opinions into positions, make laws via party lines, form/run governments, oppose ruling party, shape public opinion through issues/movements, and provide government access. Necessity arises in large societies needing representatives to aggregate views, form governments, and support/restrain power. Systems vary: One-party (non-democratic), two-party (stable), multi-party (diverse but unstable). India's multi-party suits diversity.

6. Group called party? (PDF p.61, NCERT Q6)

Answer: A group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government is called a political party. They unite on shared policies/programmes aimed at societal good, seeking voter support through elections. This definition captures essence: Organized for power via democratic processes, reflecting divisions yet promoting collective interests. Parties differ from interest groups by directly seeking government control. In India, registration with ECI required; recognition for symbols/facilities based on votes/seats. Examples include national like BJP/INC, state like SP/DMK. Without such groups, democracies lack mechanisms for policy implementation and accountability. The term emphasizes collective action in politics.

7. Match organizations? (PDF p.61, NCERT Q7)

Answer: Matching List I (organizations) with List II: 1. Congress Party - C. United Progressive Alliance (UPA leader, centrist/secular). 2. Bharatiya Janata Party - A. National Democratic Alliance (NDA leader, Hindutva). 3. Communist Party of India (Marxist) - D. Left Front (Marxism-Leninism, socialism). 4. Telugu Desam Party - B. State party (regional in Andhra/Telangana). Correct code: (b) C D A B. This highlights alliances: UPA/Left progressive; NDA right-leaning; state parties in coalitions. Reflects India's multi-party with fronts for power.

8. BSP founder? (PDF p.61, NCERT Q8)

Answer: Kanshi Ram is the founder of Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), formed 1984 to represent bahujan samaj (dalits/adivasis/OBCs/minorities). Draws from Sahu/Phule/Periyar/Ambedkar ideas for oppressed welfare. Base UP; presence neighboring states. UP governments via alliances; 2019: 3.63% votes, 10 LS seats. Differs from Sahu (inspiration), Ambedkar (influence), Phule (ideas). BSP's rise shows social justice focus in multi-party India, addressing caste divisions. Ideology empowers marginalized, reflecting parties' role in representing interests.

9. BJP philosophy? (PDF p.61, NCERT Q9)

Answer: The guiding philosophy of Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) is integral humanism. Founded 1980 from Jana Sangh (1951), draws from ancient culture/values, Deendayal Upadhyaya's Antyodaya. Cultural nationalism (Hindutva) key for nationhood/politics. Seeks full J&K integration, uniform civil code, ban conversions. Expanded 1990s from north/urban to south/east/rural. 1998 NDA leader; 2019: 303 LS seats, leads NDA. Differs from bahujan samaj (BSP), revolutionary democracy, modernity. BJP's rise shows ideology's role in voter mobilization, coalitions in multi-party system.

10. Statements on parties? (PDF p.61, NCERT Q10)

Answer: Correct statements: A. Parties do not enjoy much trust (low globally/South Asia). B. Rocked by scandals (top leaders involved). C incorrect - necessary to run governments (form/run via leaders). So (b) A and B. Trust low despite high participation/membership in India > advanced countries. Scandals highlight money/dynasty challenges. Parties essential for functions like laws/governments/opinion. This reflects popular dissatisfaction yet necessity in democracy.

11. Yunus party Bangladesh? (PDF p.62, NCERT Q11)

Answer: Muhammad Yunus, Nobel economist, launched Nagarik Shakti 2007 for proper leadership/good governance/new culture in Bangladesh. Right decision? Yes, to foster democracy beyond traditional parties; addresses corruption/black money. Agree with welcomes (chance for good government) but fears valid (politics challenging/controversial; external mentors?). Organize differently: Grassroots democracy, transparent funding, anti-corruption focus, inclusive. Defend: As economist for poor, party promotes socio-economic justice via elections; new culture needed where old parties dominate.

12. Why parties criticized? (PDF p.47)

Answer: Parties criticized as partial/partisan, causing divisions; blamed for democracy wrongs/political life. Visibility high but popularity low; people critical despite knowing parties more than government. Omnipresent now but few existed 100 years ago. Criticism from partisanship leading to bias/inability balanced views. Yet necessary for functions/necessity in representative democracies.

13. National party recognition? (PDF p.53)

Answer: ECI recognizes if 6% total votes Lok Sabha/Assembly 4 states + at least 4 LS seats. Gets unique symbol, facilities. 2023: 6 (AAP/BSP/BJP/CPI-M/INC/NPP). Differs from state (6% state +2 Assembly). Ensures large/established parties privileges.

14. State parties role? (PDF p.55)

Answer: Classified regional but not always ideology; succeed locally (SP/RJD national org but state). Some state-conscious (BJD/SDF/MNF/TRS). Expanded number/strength; Parliament diverse. No national majority alone till 2014; alliances with state. Since 1996, in coalitions; strengthens federalism/democracy.

15. Anti-defection reform? (PDF p.59)

Answer: Constitution amended: MLAs/MPs lose seat if change parties. Reduced defection for ministers/cash; brought down but makes dissent difficult as must accept leader decisions.

16. Affidavit order? (PDF p.60)

Answer: Supreme Court: Candidates file affidavit property/criminal cases. Made info public; no system check truth; unclear if reduced rich/criminal influence.

17. ECI orders? (PDF p.60)

Answer: Parties hold organizational elections, file income tax. Started but formality; unclear greater internal democracy.

18. Women quota suggestion? (PDF p.60)

Answer: Mandatory 1/3 tickets women; quota decision bodies. Addresses low representation due internal democracy lack.

19. State funding? (PDF p.60)

Answer: Government give money/kind (petrol/paper) based past votes; reduces money power.

20. Public role reforms? (PDF p.61)

Answer: Pressure via petitions/publicity/agitations/media/pressure groups. If lose support, parties serious. Join parties improve; participation solves bad politics.

Practice Tip: 2M: 2min; 4M: 5min; 8M: 12min; use cartoons/graphics.

Political Indicators - Key Metrics

Indicator Value Significance

Registered Parties India >750 Multi-party diversity.

National Parties 2023 6 Recognized large.

BJP 2019 Seats 303 Largest party.

Trust in Parties Low global Least trusted.

Membership India High/rising Participation.

Mnemonic: N-S for National-State.

Challenges & Causes - Key Factors

Internal Democracy Lack: Top concentration; no transparency.

Dynasties: Family favoritism; unfair rise.

Money/Muscle: Win shortcuts; rich/criminal nominees.

No Choice: Ideological decline; similar policies.

Cartoon Tip: Link to Berlusconi/money.

Reform Measures in India

Anti-Defection: Prevent switching.

Affidavit: Transparency candidates.

ECI Orders: Elections/tax returns.

Suggestions: Women quota, state funding.

Public: Pressure/join parties.

Expansion: For better democracy.

Interactive Quiz - Test Political Knowledge

30 MCQs; 80%+ for mastery. Covers NCERT + extras.

Quick Revision - Political Flashcards & Mnemonics

Functions Mnemonic: C-P-M-F-O-S-A

Contest elections

Policies/programmes

Make laws

Form governments

Opposition

Shape opinion

Access welfare

Systems: O-T-M

One-party (China), Two (USA/UK), Multi (India alliances).

National Parties: A-B-B-C-I-N

AAP (2012 anti-corruption)

BSP (1984 bahujan)

BJP (1980 Hindutva)

CPI-M (1964 Marxism)

INC (1885 secular)

NPP (2013 NE diversity)

Challenges: I-D-M-N

Internal democracy lack

Dynastic succession

Money/muscle

No meaningful choice

Reforms Efforts

Anti-defection

Affidavit

ECI elections/tax

Suggestions

Internal regulation

Women quota

State funding

Participation Facts

Low trust high participation

India > advanced countries

Recognition

National: 6% 4 states +4 LS

State: 6% state +2 Assembly

State Parties Examples

SP, RJD (national org state success)

BJD, SDF (state identity)

Necessity Points

No parties: No promises/utility

Representative aggregate views

Revision Hack: List parties with symbols/ideologies; mnemonic for challenges: I Dream Money Now; daily review functions/challenges.

Indicator	Value	Significance
Registered Parties India	>750	Multi-party diversity.
National Parties 2023	6	Recognized large.
BJP 2019 Seats	303	Largest party.
Trust in Parties	Low global	Least trusted.
Membership India	High/rising	Participation.

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