Complete Solutions and Summary of Pastoralists in the Modern World – NCERT Class 9, History, Chapter 5 – Summary, Questions, Answers, Extra Questions

Detailed summary and explanation of Chapter 5 ‘Pastoralists in the Modern World’ discussing nomadic pastoralist lifestyles, impacts of colonialism in India and Africa, changes in grazing patterns, taxation, social changes, and contemporary adaptations with all question answers and extra questions from NCERT Class IX, History.

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Categories: NCERT, Class IX, History, Summary, Extra Questions, Pastoralists, Nomads, Colonial Impact, Africa, India, Livelihood, Chapter 5

Tags: Pastoralists, Nomads, Colonialism, Grazing, Livelihood, Africa, India, Social Change, Taxation, Tribal Life, Migration, NCERT, Class 9, History, Chapter 5, Answers, Extra Questions

Pastoralists in the Modern World - Complete Study Guide

Comprehensive Chapter Summary

Introduction

Pastoralists are nomadic herders who move with their animals (goats, sheep, camels, cattle) in search of pastures, unlike settled farmers or industrial workers often covered in history texts.
Chapter explores pastoralism in India and Africa, colonial impacts, and adaptations to modern pressures.
Pastoralism sustains livelihoods through seasonal movements, preventing overuse of land and allowing regeneration.
Nomads rarely featured in textbooks; their lives matter in understanding diverse economies.
Focus: Cyclical movements, colonial restrictions, coping strategies.

Fig.1 – Sheep grazing on Bugyals

Vast high-altitude pastures in Garhwal above 12,000 ft, lush with grasses and flowers post-monsoon; under snow in winter, revive in April.

1 Pastoral Nomads and their Movements

1.1 In the Mountains

Gujjar Bakarwals (J&K): Great herders of goats/sheep; 19th-century migrants; winter in Siwalik low hills (dry scrub forests); April north to Kashmir valley via Pir Panjal passes in kafilas; summer lush grasses; September return.
Gaddi shepherds (HP): Similar cycle; winter Siwalik scrub; April to Lahaul-Spiti high meadows; en route stop for harvest/sowing winter crop; descend to Siwalik by September.
Gujjar cattle herders (Garhwal-Kumaon): Winter bhabar dry forests; summer bugyals; 19th-century Jammu migrants seeking pastures.
Other Himalayan groups: Bhotiyas, Sherpas, Kinnauris; adjust to seasonal changes; move when pastures exhaust/unusable; prevents overuse, allows recovery.
Key Features: Cyclical summer-winter movements; effective pasture use; continuous mobility for regeneration.

Source A: G.C. Barnes on Gujjars (1850s)

Pastoral tribe in Kangra hills; men graze herds in forests (weeks out); women market dairy daily; hot weather upper ranges for rich grass, temperate climate free of flies.

Fig.2 – Gujjar Mandap

Bamboo-grass shelters at 10,000-11,000 ft for ghee-making; now transport milk by vehicles; buffaloes can't climb higher.

Figs.3-4 – Gaddi Shearing

September descent from dhars; halt for sheep bathing/cleaning/shearing in Uhl valley near Palampur.

New Words

Bhabar: Dry forested area below foothills.
Bugyal: Vast high mountain meadows.

1.2 On the Plateaus, Plains and Deserts

Dhangars (Maharashtra): 467,000 early 20th C; shepherds, blanket weavers, buffalo herders; monsoon central semi-arid plateau (thorny scrub, bajra grazing); October west to Konkan (high rain, rich soil); flocks manure post-kharif fields, fed stubble; exchange rice; return pre-monsoon (sheep can't tolerate wet).
Gollas, Kurumas, Kurubas (Karnataka-AP): Dry plateau stone/grass; Gollas herd cattle; others sheep/goats, weave blankets; near woods, small cultivation, petty trades; dry season coasts (buffaloes in swamps); monsoon plateau.
Banjaras: Graziers in UP, Punjab, Rajasthan, MP, Maharashtra; long-distance for pasture; sell plough cattle/goods, buy grain/fodder.
Source B: Buchanan on Gollas (1807): Families in small villages near woods; cultivate little, keep cattle; 7-8 young men/family; some herd in woods, others cultivate/supply firewood/straw/thatch/dairy to towns.
Raikas (Rajasthan deserts): Meagre rain; combine cultivation-pastoralism; monsoon home villages (pasture available); October migrate for water/pasture; return next monsoon; Maru (desert) Raikas herd camels, others sheep/goats.
Activity: Sources A/B: Men herd/graze (forest/outdoor); women market dairy/cultivate/supply towns; edge-of-forest for wood access, pasture near woods.
Overall: Sustained by judging stay duration, water/pasture locations, timing, farmer relations (manure/stubble); combined cultivation, trade, herding.

Figs.5-6 – Raika Camels & Settlement

Graze thorny Thar bushes over vast areas; dhandi settlements near Jaisalmer.

Figs.7-8 – Camel Fairs (Balotra, Pushkar)

Raikas sell/buy/train camels; display expertise; Gujarat horses sold.

Fig.9 – Maru Raika Genealogist

Oral traditions preserve community history/identity.

Fig.10 – Maldhari Herders

Moving in Rann of Kutch for pastures; villages there.

2 Colonial Rule and Pastoral Life

Overview: Grazing shrank, movements regulated, revenue increased, stock declined, trades affected.
Waste Land Rules (mid-19th C): Uncultivated 'waste' lands to individuals for settlement/concessions; actually pastoral tracts; expanded cultivation for revenue/jute/cotton/wheat; reduced pastures.
Forest Acts (mid-19th C): Reserved forests (valuable timber like deodar/sal, no access); Protected (limited customary rights, restricted movements); officials: grazing tramples saplings/shoots, prevents growth.
Source C: H.S. Gibson (1913): Grazing forests can't yield timber/fuel (main produce).
Activity: Forester: Closure boosts timber; Pastoralist: Destroys forage, livelihoods.
Criminal Tribes Act (1871): Nomads/craftsmen/traders distrusted as mobile/criminal; classified as Criminal Tribes by nature/birth; confined to notified villages, no movement without permit; village police watch.
Grazing Tax: Mid-19th C per animal; rose rapidly; 1850s-80s auctioned to contractors (extract max for profit); 1880s direct with passes (enter tract, pay, record heads).
Source D: Royal Commission (1928): Pastures down due to cultivation/irrigation/govt use (defence/industry/farms); hard to raise herds; earnings down, stock quality deteriorated, diets fallen, indebtedness up.
Activity (1890s nomad): Feel imprisoned/angry; petition: Unjust criminal label ignores traditions, blocks movement/livelihoods, causes poverty/death.

New Words

Customary rights: Traditional access by habit.

2.1 How Did these Changes Affect the Lives of Pastoralists?

Pastures taken for plough/reserved; decline in area.
Existing stock overgrazed remaining lands; quality deteriorated.
Nomadic movements restricted; no time for vegetation recovery; forage shortage.
Underfed animals died in scarcities/famines.
Fig.11: Map of Indian pastoral communities (Gujjars, Gaddis, etc.; many others exist).

2.2 How Did the Pastoralists Cope with these Changes?

Reduced cattle numbers for limited pastures.
New pastures when old inaccessible (Raikas: Post-1947 no Sindh/Indus; now Haryana fields post-harvest for manure).
Richer: Bought land, settled as peasants; extensive trading.
Poorer: Borrowed from moneylenders, lost stock, became field/small town laborers.
Numbers expanded recently; changed directions, reduced herds, combined pastoral/other income; adapted to modern world.
Ecologists: Pastoralism viable in dry/mountains.
Global: New laws/settlements forced alterations worldwide.

3 Pastoralism in Africa

22M Africans pastoral-dependent (Bedouins, Berbers, Maasai, Somali, Boran, Turkana); semi-arid/deserts; raise cattle/camels/goats/sheep/donkeys; sell milk/meat/skin/wool; trade/transport, combine agriculture/odd jobs.
Colonial/post-colonial changes dramatic; focus Maasai (300K Kenya, 150K Tanzania).

Fig.12 – Maasai Land with Kilimanjaro

Dependent on maize/rice/potatoes/cabbage; traditionally farming 'crime against nature' (unsuitable for grazing).

Fig.13 – Pastoral Communities in Africa

Inset: Maasai southern Kenya/northern Tanzania.
On Tanganyika: British post-WWI (1919); independence 1961; Tanzania 1964 with Zanzibar.

3.1 Where have the Grazing Lands Gone?

Pre-colonial: Vast from north Kenya to northern Tanzania steppes.
1885: Split by British Kenya-German Tanganyika boundary; lost 60% to white settlements; confined to arid south Kenya/north Tanzania (uncertain rain, poor pastures).
British encouraged peasant cultivation; pastures to fields; Maasai dominance over farmers reversed.
Game reserves: Maasai Mara/Samburu (Kenya), Serengeti (Tanzania, 14,760 km Maasai land); no grazing/hunting.
Fig.14: Drought near Amboseli; tourism $3.5M but locals barred from water/irrigation.
Similar: Namibia Kaokoland herders blocked from Ovamboland trade/movement by boundaries.
Source E (1949 Kaokoland): Borders imprison, no meat/skins south; lived/moved there long, now closed.
Fig.15: Maasai 'My People'; milk/meat subsistence; drought kills in hot semi-arid equatorial land.
Pressure on small lands; continuous grazing deteriorates quality; persistent fodder issues.

3.2 The Borders are Closed

19th C: Free vast movements for exhausted pastures.
Late 19th C: Colonial mobility restrictions; confined to reserves (boundaries as limits); special permits for out-movement (harassment/punishment).
Barred from white markets/trade; seen as dangerous/savage (minimize contact, but needed black labor for mines/roads).
Source F (1937 Magistrate): Restrict native passes unless exceptional; check/ limit entry to territory.
Sudden changes hurt pastoral/trading; restrictions didn't fully stop trade but added hurdles.

3.3 When Pastures Dry

Droughts universal; nomadism moves to forage areas for survival.
Colonial: Fixed reserves prohibited shifts; cut from best lands; semi-arid prone to droughts.
1930: 720K cattle, 820K sheep, 171K donkeys; 1933-34 drought: Over half cattle died (no movement).
Shrinking lands intensified bad years; steady animal stock decline.

3.4 Not All were Equally Affected

Pre-colonial: Elders (ruling councils, disputes); Warriors (young, protect, cattle raids for wealth/power/manliness).
Colonial: Appointed sub-group chiefs responsible for tribe; restricted raiding/warfare; eroded elder/warrior authority.
Chiefs: Accumulated wealth (income buy animals/land/goods); lent money for taxes; town trade (wives/children village herding); survived war/drought via diverse income.
Poor: No resources for bad times; lost everything in war/famine; urban work (charcoal, odd jobs, construction).
Changes: Age difference (elders/warriors) disturbed (not broken); new wealthy-poor distinction.
Figs.16-17: Warriors: Red shukas, beaded jewelry, spears, red-tinted plaits; face east for sun; security/herding; elaborate 4-month ritual transition (boys raid/dance).

Conclusion

Pastoral communities worldwide affected variably by modern changes: Laws/borders restrict movements; pastures disappear/deteriorate via overgrazing; droughts cause cattle deaths/crises.
Adapt: Change paths, reduce herds, enter new areas politically; demand forest/water rights, relief/subsidies.
Not past relics; nomadism suits hilly/dry regions (environmentalists/economists recognize).
Fig.18: Raika shepherd on Jaipur highway amid heavy traffic (new migration challenges).

Questions

1. Explain why nomadic tribes move; environmental advantages.
2. Discuss colonial laws' impacts on pastoralists.
3. Reasons Maasai lost grazing lands.
4. Similar changes for Indian pastoralists and Maasai.

Activities

1950 Raika herder to granddaughter: Post-Independence freedoms, new markets, but ongoing land pressures.
Article: 'Warriors of the Savannah: Pre-Colonial Maasai Life' – Elders/warriors, raids, vast lands.
Research: Communities in Figs.11/13 (e.g., Banjaras trade, Turkana droughts).

Questions and Answers from Chapter

20 Short Questions (1-2 Marks Each)

1. What are pastoralists?

Answer: Nomadic herders moving with livestock for pastures.

2. Name mountain pastoral groups.

Answer: Gujjar Bakarwals, Gaddis, Bhotiyas.

3. What is a kafila?

Answer: Group of households migrating together.

4. Define bugyal.

Answer: High mountain meadows.

5. Dhangar movement pattern?

Answer: Monsoon plateau, post to Konkan for manuring.

6. Who are Raikas?

Answer: Desert herders in Rajasthan; herd camels/sheep.

7. Waste Land Rules purpose?

Answer: Convert grazing to farms for revenue.

8. Year of Criminal Tribes Act?

Answer: 1871.

9. Effect of Forest Acts?

Answer: Restricted grazing in reserved forests.

10. Maasai population?

Answer: 450,000 in Kenya/Tanzania.

11. When Maasailand split?

Answer: 1885.

12. 1933-34 Maasai event?

Answer: Drought killed half cattle.

13. Pre-colonial Maasai society?

Answer: Elders ruled, warriors raided/protected.

14. Post-1947 Raika change?

Answer: Migrated to Haryana instead of Sindh.

15. Why nomads move?

Answer: For pastures/water; allows land recovery.

16. Kharif harvest time?

Answer: September-October.

17. Customary rights?

Answer: Traditional grazing access.

18. Game reserves impact?

Answer: Barred Maasai from traditional grazing.

19. Royal Commission year?

Answer: 1928.

20. Pastoral adaptation?

Answer: Reduced herds, new routes, combined income.

10 Medium Questions (3-4 Marks Each)

1. Describe Gujjar Bakarwal movement.

Answer: Winter Siwalik low hills, summer Kashmir valley via Pir Panjal; return by September.

2. Raika pastoralism in deserts.

Answer: Monsoon villages, migrate October for water/pasture; combine cultivation; Maru herd camels.

3. Colonial impacts on pastures.

Answer: Waste Lands to farms, Forest Acts restricted access, led to shortages/overgrazing.

4. Criminal Tribes Act effects.

Answer: Labeled nomads criminal, confined to villages, police surveillance, restricted movement.

5. Maasai land loss reasons.

Answer: 1885 boundary split, white settlements, cultivation expansion, game reserves like Serengeti.

6. Drought impact on Maasai.

Answer: Fixed reserves prevented movement; 1933-34 killed half cattle due to no forage access.

7. Coping strategies in India.

Answer: Reduced herds, new pastures (Haryana), settled farming/trade, labored when poor.

8. Maasai social changes.

Answer: Chiefs wealthy via trade; poor labored; disturbed elder-warrior divide, created rich-poor gap.

9. Similar changes India-Africa.

Answer: Land loss to cultivation/reserves; movement restrictions; drought crises worsened.

10. Environmental benefits of nomadism.

Answer: Prevents overuse, allows vegetation recovery, sustainable in dry/mountain areas.

8 Long Questions (8 Marks Each) with Detailed Answers

1. Explain why nomadic tribes need to move from one place to another. What are the advantages to the environment of this continuous movement? (8 Marks)

Answer: Nomadic tribes move seasonally to access fresh pastures and water for their livestock, as fixed locations exhaust resources quickly. In mountains like Himalayas, winter snow covers high bugyals, forcing Gujjar Bakarwals and Gaddis to low Siwalik hills; summer melt brings lush grasses, prompting upward migration via passes like Pir Panjal in kafilas. In plateaus, Dhangars stay monsoon in semi-arid Maharashtra central tract (bajra grazing on thorny scrub), move October to Konkan coasts for post-kharif manuring/stubble feeding, return pre-monsoon as sheep can't tolerate wet. Deserts like Rajasthan see Raikas in villages during monsoons (available pasture), migrate October for distant water amid meagre rain. This cyclical pattern adjusts to climate/seasonal changes, judging stay duration to avoid exhaustion.

Environmental advantages: Continuous movement prevents overuse, allowing vegetation recovery and soil regeneration; e.g., Himalayan groups shift when unusable, restoring pastures. Manure from herds fertilizes fields (Dhangars in Konkan), enhancing fertility without chemicals. In dry/mountain ecosystems, nomadism sustains biodiversity vs. permanent settlement causing degradation/desertification. Ecologists note it's viable, reducing erosion, maintaining grass diversity (roots/herbs in bugyals). Overall, promotes sustainable land use, balancing human-animal needs with ecology. (250 words)

2. Discuss why the colonial government in India brought in the Waste Land Rules, Forest Acts, Criminal Tribes Act and Grazing Tax. In each case, explain how the law changed the lives of pastoralists. (8 Marks)

Answer: Colonial govt aimed revenue maximization, settled control, resource exploitation.
Waste Land Rules (mid-19th C): Transform 'waste' (uncultivated) lands to farms for jute/cotton/wheat revenue/England needs; given to select individuals/concessions, made village headmen. Changed lives: Took pastoral tracts, shrank grazing; forced shorter movements, stock decline.
Forest Acts (mid-19th C): Commercial timber (deodar/sal) priority; Reserved (no access), Protected (restricted rights/permits/timing). Officials feared grazing tramples saplings/shoots. Changed: Barred entry to forage forests; regulated stays even with ample grass; fines for overstay; movements dictated by permits, not needs.
Criminal Tribes Act (1871): Distrust nomads as criminal/mobile; classified communities (craftsmen/traders/pastoralists) criminal by birth/nature. Confined to notified villages, no out-movement without permit; police watch. Changed: Imprisoned lifestyles, blocked seasonal migrations; easy control but livelihood destruction, poverty.
Grazing Tax (mid-19th C): Every revenue source; per animal on tracts. Auctioned 1850s-80s to contractors (max extraction for profit); 1880s direct passes (record heads/pay entry). Changed: Rapid rises burdened; efficient collection squeezed incomes; smaller herds, indebtedness.
Overall: Shortages, overgrazing, famines; adaptations like reduced stock/new routes. (280 words)

3. Give reasons to explain why the Maasai community lost their grazing lands. How did this affect their society? (8 Marks)

Answer: Maasai lost lands due colonial territorial scramble, policies favoring settlement/cultivation.
Reasons: Pre-colonial vast Maasailand (north Kenya-northern Tanzania steppes); 1885 international boundary split British Kenya-German Tanganyika, slicing half. Best pastures gradually to white settlements; pushed to small arid south Kenya/north Tanzania (uncertain rain, poor forage). British encouraged local peasant cultivation expansion, turning pastures to fields; reversed Maasai economic/political dominance over agricultural neighbors. Large game reserves (Maasai Mara/Samburu Kenya, Serengeti Tanzania over 14,760 km Maasai land) prohibited grazing/hunting; traditional grounds now tourism-protected (e.g., Amboseli $3.5M revenue, locals barred water/irrigation).
Effects on Society: Confined to semi-arid, pressure on small lands caused pasture deterioration via continuous grazing; fodder shortages. Restricted mobility worsened droughts (1933-34: half 720K cattle died, no shift to better areas). Social: Pre-colonial elders ruled/warriors raided/protected; colonial appointed chiefs accumulated wealth (trade/lending), poor lost stock to urban labor (charcoal/construction). Disturbed age hierarchy (elders/warriors), created rich-poor divide; dependent on external food (maize/rice), eroding traditions (farming once 'crime against nature'). Overall, reshaped relationships, increased vulnerability. (260 words)

4. There are many similarities in the way in which the modern world forced changes in the lives of pastoral communities in India and East Africa. Write about any four examples of changes which were similar for Indian pastoralists and the Maasai herders. (8 Marks)

Answer: Modern/colonial forces imposed parallel disruptions.
1. Land Loss to Cultivation/Settlement: India: Waste Land Rules converted grazing to farms for revenue; Forest Acts reserved tracts. Africa: Maasailand 60% to white settlements; peasant cultivation expanded, pastures to fields.
2. Movement Restrictions: India: Forest permits/timing, Criminal Tribes Act confined nomads. Africa: Reserve boundaries, special permits with harassment; barred white markets, punished violations.
3. Pasture Deterioration/Shortages: India: Intensive grazing on remnants declined quality; no recovery time. Africa: Continuous use in small arid zones; fodder persistent issue, overgrazing.
4. Intensified Drought/Famine Crises: India: Underfed stock died in scarcities; restricted shifts. Africa: Fixed areas prevented forage moves; 1933-34 half Maasai cattle starved.
Additional Similarity: Social Stratification: India richer settled/traded, poor labored; Africa chiefs wealthy (diverse income), poor urban jobs; both saw traditional hierarchies (e.g., elders/warriors) disturbed, new rich-poor gaps. Adaptations: Reduced herds, new routes, combined incomes; resilience in dry regions. These forced vulnerability but highlighted pastoral viability. (240 words)

5. How did the life of pastoralists change under colonial rule? Explain with reference to the measures taken by the colonial state. (8 Marks)

Answer: Colonial rule transformed pastoral lives via revenue/control measures, shrinking mobility/resources.
Grazing Grounds Shrinkage: Waste Land Rules (mid-19th C) took 'waste' lands for cultivation/revenue (jute/cotton); given settlers/headmen; pastoral tracts lost, inevitable pasture decline.
Forest Access Curbs: Forest Acts classified Reserved (no entry for timber like sal/deodar), Protected (limited rights/permits); feared grazing damaged saplings/shoots. Prevented forage entry; timed stays/fines; movements permit-ruled, not needs.
Mobility Suspicion: Criminal Tribes Act (1871) distrusted nomads as criminal/mobile; classified tribes criminal by birth; confined villages, police watch, no out-permit. Imprisoned traditions, blocked seasons.
Tax Burdens: Grazing Tax per animal (mid-19th C); auctioned contractors extracted max (1850s-80s); direct passes (1880s) recorded heads. Rapid rises squeezed; smaller herds, debts.
Effects: Shortages/overgrazing, stock deaths in famines; trades hit. Royal Commission (1928): Pastures gone to cultivation/irrigation/govt; deteriorated quality, indebtedness. Coping: Adaptations like new paths, but profound disruptions. (250 words)

6. Describe the pattern of movements of the Gujjar Bakarwals, Gaddis and Raikas. How did colonial policies disrupt these? (8 Marks)

Answer: Gujjar Bakarwals: 19th C migrants; winter Siwalik low hills (scrub); April kafila north via Pir Panjal to Kashmir valley summer lush; September descend.
Gaddis: Winter Siwalik flocks; April Lahaul-Spiti meadows; en route harvest/sow; September shear sheep, descend.
Raikas: Rajasthan deserts; monsoon villages (pasture); October migrate distant water (meagre rain); Maru camels, others sheep/goats; combine cultivation.
Colonial Disruptions: Waste Land Rules: Converted tracts to farms, shrank areas. Forest Acts: Restricted reserved/protected access/permits; no free entry. Criminal Tribes Act (1871): Labeled criminal, confined villages/police watch. Grazing Tax: Per head rises, passes needed; burdened finances. Impacts: Shorter cycles, overgrazing, stock decline; e.g., Raikas post-1947 to Haryana. (220 words)

7. Explain the impact of colonial forest policies on pastoralists in India. How did they cope? (8 Marks)

Answer: Forest Acts Impact: Mid-19th C; Reserved (commercially valuable timber, no pastoral access); Protected (customary rights but restricted movements/permits/entry-exit timing/days). Officials: Grazing destroys saplings/shoots, prevents regeneration (e.g., Gibson 1913: No timber/fuel from grazed forests). Changed: Barred valuable forage forests; even allowed areas regulated (move despite ample grass); fines overstay; lives permit-dictated.
Broader Effects: With Waste Lands, pastures shrank; intensive grazing deteriorated remnants; forage shortages, animal deaths in scarcities.
Coping: Reduced herds; new pastures (Raikas Haryana fields post-harvest manure). Richer bought land/settled farming/trade; poorer borrowed, lost stock, labored fields/towns. Combined herding/cultivation; changed routes; numbers expanded via resilience. Ecologically, nomadism viable; pressured rights. (200 words)

8. Compare the experiences of pastoralists in India and the Maasai in Africa under colonial rule. (8 Marks)

Answer: Both faced land/mobility losses, but contexts differed.
Similarities: Land: India Waste/Forest Acts to cultivation/reserves; Africa boundaries/settlements/game parks (60% Maasai loss). Mobility: India permits/Criminal Act confinement; Africa reserve limits/permits. Droughts: Restricted shifts worsened (India famines, Maasai 1933-34 half cattle dead). Social: Rich adapted (trade), poor labored; hierarchies disrupted.
Differences: India: Tax/revenue focus (grazing tax auctions); suspicion of nomads as criminal. Africa: Territorial split (1885), white settler priority; viewed savage, barred markets. India diverse groups (mountains/plateaus); Maasai unified cattle herders. Coping: Both reduced herds/new routes; India post-1947 partition shifts, Africa chiefs urban trade. Both resilient, nomadism suits arid ecologies. (210 words)

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Complete Solutions and Summary of Pastoralists in the Modern World – NCERT Class 9, History, Chapter 5 – Summary, Questions, Answers, Extra Questions

Pastoralists in the Modern World

Comprehensive Chapter Summary

Introduction

Fig.1 – Sheep grazing on Bugyals

1 Pastoral Nomads and their Movements

1.1 In the Mountains

Source A: G.C. Barnes on Gujjars (1850s)

Fig.2 – Gujjar Mandap

Figs.3-4 – Gaddi Shearing

New Words

1.2 On the Plateaus, Plains and Deserts

Figs.5-6 – Raika Camels & Settlement

Figs.7-8 – Camel Fairs (Balotra, Pushkar)

Fig.9 – Maru Raika Genealogist

Fig.10 – Maldhari Herders

2 Colonial Rule and Pastoral Life

New Words

2.1 How Did these Changes Affect the Lives of Pastoralists?

2.2 How Did the Pastoralists Cope with these Changes?

3 Pastoralism in Africa

Fig.12 – Maasai Land with Kilimanjaro

Fig.13 – Pastoral Communities in Africa

3.1 Where have the Grazing Lands Gone?

3.2 The Borders are Closed

3.3 When Pastures Dry

3.4 Not All were Equally Affected

Conclusion

Questions

Activities

Important Dates and Related Events

Key Definitions

Bhabar

Bugyal

Kafila

Kharif

Rabi

Stubble

Customary Rights

Waste Land Rules

Forest Acts

Criminal Tribes Act

Grazing Tax

Maasailand

Game Reserves

Questions and Answers from Chapter

20 Short Questions (1-2 Marks Each)

1. What are pastoralists?

2. Name mountain pastoral groups.

3. What is a kafila?

4. Define bugyal.

5. Dhangar movement pattern?

6. Who are Raikas?

7. Waste Land Rules purpose?

8. Year of Criminal Tribes Act?

9. Effect of Forest Acts?

10. Maasai population?

11. When Maasailand split?

12. 1933-34 Maasai event?

13. Pre-colonial Maasai society?

14. Post-1947 Raika change?

15. Why nomads move?

16. Kharif harvest time?

17. Customary rights?

18. Game reserves impact?

19. Royal Commission year?

20. Pastoral adaptation?

10 Medium Questions (3-4 Marks Each)

1. Describe Gujjar Bakarwal movement.

2. Raika pastoralism in deserts.

3. Colonial impacts on pastures.

4. Criminal Tribes Act effects.

5. Maasai land loss reasons.

6. Drought impact on Maasai.

7. Coping strategies in India.

8. Maasai social changes.

9. Similar changes India-Africa.

10. Environmental benefits of nomadism.

8 Long Questions (8 Marks Each) with Detailed Answers

1. Explain why nomadic tribes need to move from one place to another. What are the advantages to the environment of this continuous movement? (8 Marks)