Comprehensive Chapter Summary - Nationalism in India Class 10 NCERT

Overview

• Chapter Purpose: Explores how modern nationalism in India emerged linked to anti-colonial struggle, unifying diverse groups against oppression. Unlike Europe (nation-states), India's nationalism involved shared bonds from colonial experiences, though classes/groups had varied notions of freedom. Congress under Gandhi forged unity, but with conflicts. Builds on pre-1920s nationalism; focuses on 1920s Non-Cooperation, Civil Disobedience. Examines Congress development, social participation, people's imagination. Figure 1: 6 April 1919 mass processions. Key Insight: Nationalism captured imagination via symbols, songs, ideas.
• Expanded Relevance 2025: Links to contemporary unity in diversity; anti-colonial legacy in democracy. Update: Reprint 2025-26 emphasizes conflict resolution.
• Exam Tip: Distinguish movements; use figures for visuals; know social interpretations of swaraj.
• Broader Implications: Nationalism united against colonialism but highlighted class/tribal/peasant differences; shaped modern India.

The First World War, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation

• Post-1919 Spread: Movement reached new areas, groups, modes. War created economic/political crisis: Defence spending via loans/taxes (customs up, income tax introduced); prices doubled 1913-1918; forced recruitment angered villages; crop failures 1918-1921, influenza killed 12-13 million. Hopes for relief post-war dashed.
• The Idea of Satyagraha: Gandhi returned Jan 1915 from South Africa, fought racism via satyagraha (truth force, non-violence appeals to conscience). Emphasized non-violence unites Indians. Organized: Champaran 1917 (peasants vs plantations); Kheda 1917 (revenue relaxation); Ahmedabad 1918 (mill workers). Figure 2: Indian workers march 1913. Source A: Gandhi on satyagraha as active resistance.
• The Rowlatt Act: 1919 Act allowed detention without trial; Gandhi launched nationwide satyagraha with hartal 6 April. Rallies, strikes; British clamped down, arrested leaders, barred Gandhi from Delhi. 10 April Amritsar firing provoked attacks; martial law, General Dyer commanded. Activity: Read Source A, explain active resistance.
• Jallianwalla Bagh: 13 April 1919 crowd (protest/fair) fired upon, hundreds killed for 'moral effect'. Spread violence; British repression (crawling, flogging, bombing). Gandhi called off. Figure 3: Crawling orders. Movement urban-limited; needed broader base.
• Khilafat Issue: Post-WW1 Ottoman defeat; rumors harsh treaty on Khalifa. Khilafat Committee Bombay March 1919; Muhammad/Shaukat Ali discussed united action with Gandhi. Calcutta Congress Sept 1920: Non-cooperation for Khilafat/swaraj.
• Why Non-cooperation?: Hind Swaraj (1909): British rule via Indian cooperation; refuse, collapse in year. Stages: Surrender titles, boycott services/councils/schools/goods; then civil disobedience if repression. Gandhi/Shaukat toured summer 1920. Congress debate: Reluctant on boycott/violence; Nagpur Dec 1920 compromise adopted. Figure 4: Foreign cloth boycott 1922.

Differing Strands within the Movement

• Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Jan 1921: Groups participated with own aspirations; swaraj meant differently.
• The Movement in the Towns: Middle-class: Students left schools, teachers resigned, lawyers quit; council boycott (except Madras Justice Party). Economic: Foreign goods/liquor boycotted, cloth import halved 1921-1922 (Rs 102-57 crore); Indian production up. Slowed: Khadi expensive for poor; alternatives slow. Activity: 1921 student poster for Non-Cooperation.
• Rebellion in the Countryside: Spread to peasants/tribals. Awadh: Baba Ramchandra (ex-Fiji indentured) led vs talukdars/landlords (high rents, cesses, begar, eviction). Demanded reduction, abolition, boycott. Nai-dhobi bandhs; Oudh Kisan Sabha Oct 1920 (Nehru/Ramchandra). Integrated into Non-Cooperation; but radical (attacks, looting); invoked Gandhi for no taxes/land redistribution. Source B: Nehru on Rae Bareli 1921. Bardoli Satyagraha 1928: Patel vs revenue enhancement.
• Tribal Rebellion: Gudem Hills Andhra 1920s guerrilla vs forest closures (grazing/fuelwood denied), begar for roads. Alluri Sitaram Raju: Special powers, inspired by Non-Cooperation; promoted khadi/no-drink but force for liberation. Rebels attacked stations/officials; Raju executed 1924, folk hero. Activity: Other executed participants; compare Indo-China (Chapter 2).
• Swaraj in the Plantations: Assam workers: Freedom as mobility, village links. Inland Emigration Act 1859 no leave without permission. Defied, left for home believing Gandhi Raj/land grants. Stranded by strikes, beaten. Activity: Captured participants death; Indo-China parallel.

Key Themes

• Unity in Diversity: Anti-colonial bond despite differences.
• Movements Details: Origins, leaders, participation. Figures: Processions, marches.
• Gandhi's Role: Satyagraha, non-violence.
• Critical Thinking: Why movements unfolded differently? Social interpretations of swaraj.

Exercises Summary

• Focus: Expanded to 60 Q&A from PDF: 20 short (2M), 20 medium (4M), 20 long (8M) based on NCERT exercises + similar.
• Project Idea: Timeline of movements; map marking key sites.

Important Events - Historical Milestones

Key timelines from chapter & Indian nationalism; for movements/incidents.

Exam Tip: Link to movement questions.

Key Definitions - Nationalism Glossary

Essential terms; flashcards-ready.

Revision Tip: Match terms to events/leaders.

Questions & Answers - CBSE Class 10 (60 from NCERT PDF)

20 Short (2M), 20 Medium (4M), 20 Long (8M) based on PDF exercises/content.

Short Questions (2 Marks Each) - 20 Total

Medium Questions (4 Marks Each) - 20 Total

Long Questions (8 Marks Each) - 20 Total

Practice Tip: 2M: 2min; 4M: 5min; 8M: 12min; use PDF figures/sources.

Key Quotes - Nationalist Insights

Memorable lines for essays.

Usage: Intro for long answers.

Textbook Activities - Hands-On Learning

NCERT tasks expanded.

Teacher Note: Use sources for analysis.

Key Leaders - Freedom Fighters

Leader	Role	Contribution
Gandhi	Satyagraha pioneer	Non-violence, unity.
Nehru	Kisan Sabha	Peasant integration.
Patel	Bardoli leader	Revenue success.
Alluri Raju	Tribal guerrilla	Force for swaraj.
Ali Brothers	Khilafat	Hindu-Muslim unity.
Ramchandra	Awadh peasants	Vs landlords.

Mnemonic: G-N-P-A-A-R for leaders.

Causes of Nationalism - Key Factors

• Colonial Oppression: Shared bond.
• WW1 Hardships: Economic/political crisis.
• Rowlatt/Jallianwalla: Repression sparks.
• Khilafat Issue: Unity opportunity.

Source Tip: Link to PDF sources.

Strategies & Movements in India

• Satyagraha: Non-violent truth force.
• Non-Cooperation: Boycott institutions.
• Guerrilla: Tribal force.
• Civil Disobedience: Implied future.

Expansion: Social interpretations.

Quick Revision - Nationalism Flashcards & Mnemonics

Revision Hack: Timeline events daily; mnemonic for satyagrahas: Champaran-Kheda-Ahmedabad (C-K-A like 'seek a'). Sources A/B for quotes; figures for visuals.