Complete Solutions and Summary of Money and Credit – NCERT Class 10, Economics, Chapter 3 – Summary, Questions, Answers, Extra Questions

Comprehensive summary and explanation of Chapter 3 'Money and Credit', covering the evolution and functions of money, role of banks and modern money, demonetisation, digital transactions, importance of credit, types of credit arrangements, Grameen Bank, challenges for financial inclusion, and credit availability for the poor—all with question answers and extra questions from NCERT Class X Economics.

Updated: 2 weeks ago

Categories: NCERT, Class X, Economics, Summary, Extra Questions, Money, Credit, Banking, Digital Transactions, Demonetisation, Financial Inclusion, Grameen Bank, Chapter 3

Tags: Money, Credit, Banking System, Digital Transactions, Demonetisation, Currency Notes, Functions of Money, Types of Credit, Grameen Bank, Financial Inclusion, Credit Availability, Loan Arrangements, Rural Credit, Economic Activities, NCERT, Class 10, Economics, Chapter 3, Answers, Extra Questions

Money and Credit Class 10 NCERT Chapter 3 - Complete Study Guide, Notes, Questions, Quiz 2025

Comprehensive Chapter Summary - Money and Credit Class 10 NCERT

Overview and Notes for the Teacher

Chapter Purpose: Explores money as fascinating with curiosities; history of forms (grains, cattle, metallic coins). Modern money linked to banking; focus on social situations of use. In India, newer forms spreading with computerisation; explore digital transactions, demonetisation (Nov 2016: Rs 500/1000 invalid, replaced; promoted bank deposits, digital methods like internet/mobile, cheques, ATM/credit cards, POS). Debate impact; collage on digital/cash legitimate uses. Plastic cards not all money.
Credit Focus: Crucial in economic life; aspects of arrangements, effects on people. Use familiar situations; availability to poor on reasonable terms as right for development. Innovative like Grameen Bank; social challenge for developing countries.
Sources: Data from NSSO (All India Debt and Investment Survey, 77th Round 2019, now NSO); Grameen Bank from news/websites; RBI (www.rbi.org) for bank stats; NABARD (www.nabard.org) for SHGs.
Expanded Relevance 2025: With digital economy growth, focus on demonetisation effects, SHGs empowerment; sustainable credit for inclusive growth. Update: Post-COVID credit recovery.
Exam Tip: Distinguish formal/informal; use graphs for credit sources; know terms like collateral, debt-trap.
Broader Implications: Money eliminates barter issues; credit boosts earnings or traps; formal expansion reduces informal exploitation.

Money as a Medium of Exchange

Role in Daily Life: Large part of everyday transactions involve money; buy/sell goods/services, or future promises.
Why Money: Allows easy exchange for any commodity/service; e.g., shoe manufacturer sells shoes for money, buys wheat. Eliminates double coincidence of wants in barter (both parties agree to exchange exactly what other wants).
Barter Challenges: Difficult without money; need mutual wants. Money as intermediate step solves this.
Historical Forms: Before coins, grains/cattle; then metallic (gold/silver/copper) till last century.

Modern Forms of Money

Currency: Paper notes/coins; not precious metals or everyday use; accepted as medium because government-authorised (RBI issues in India; legal tender, cannot refuse rupees).
Deposits with Banks: People hold as demand deposits (withdrawable anytime); earn interest; safe. Cheques: Paper instructing bank to pay from account to named person.
Cheque Example: Shoe manufacturer pays leather supplier via cheque; money transfers accounts without cash.
Link to Banking: Modern money (currency/deposits) tied to banking system.

Loan Activities of Banks

Deposits and Loans: Banks keep ~5% cash for withdrawals; use rest for loans at higher interest than deposits (main income source).
Mechanism: Mediate between depositors (surplus) and borrowers (need); not all depositors withdraw same day.
Risk: If all withdraw simultaneously, bank might fail (but rare due to regulations).

Two Different Credit Situations

Festival Season (Positive): Salim (shoe manufacturer) borrows for order; hires workers, buys materials (leather on credit, advance cash); delivers, profits, repays. Credit meets working capital, boosts earnings.
Swapna's Problem (Negative): Small farmer borrows for groundnut cultivation; crop fails (pests); cannot repay, debt grows; sells land. Debt-trap: Credit worsens situation.
Dependency: Credit usefulness depends on risks, support in loss.

Terms of Credit

Components: Interest rate, collateral (asset as security; sellable if default), documentation, repayment mode. Vary by lender/borrower.
Example: House Loan: Megha borrows Rs 5 lakhs at 12% for 10 years; submits employment/salary docs; house papers as collateral.
Rural Demand: Mainly crop production (inputs like seeds/fertilisers); 3-4 months till harvest; repayment from income (risky if failure).

Variety of Credit Arrangements

Village Example (Sonpur): Shyamal (small farmer) borrows from trader at 3%/month, sells crop to him. Arun (medium farmer) bank loan at 8.5%, repays/stores for fresh loan. Rama (labourer) from employer at 5%/month, works to repay; owes Rs 5000.
Uses: Cultivation, emergencies, functions.
Terms Comparison: Small: High interest, forced sale; Medium: Lower rate, flexibility; Landless: High rate, labour-bound.

Loans from Cooperatives

Role: Major cheap rural credit; members pool resources (farmers/weavers etc.). Krishak Cooperative: 2300 members, deposits as collateral for bank loan; lends for implements/cultivation/fishery/houses.
Process: Repaid loans enable new rounds.

Formal Sector Credit in India

Sources: Formal (banks/cooperatives); Informal (moneylenders/traders/employers/relatives). Graph 1: Rural households - Commercial banks 51%, Moneylenders 23%.
RBI Supervision: Monitors cash balance, lending (to small cultivators/industries); ensures not just profit-makers.
Informal Issues: No supervision; high interest, unfair recovery.
Costs: Informal higher; reduces borrower income, leads to debt-trap; discourages enterprise.
Need: Expand formal for cheap credit, higher incomes, growth.

Formal and Informal Credit: Who Gets What?

Graph 2: Urban: Poor households 54% informal; Rich 83% formal. Rich get cheap formal; poor expensive informal.
Implications: Formal meets ~half rural needs; rest informal high-cost. Expand formal, equal distribution for poor benefit.

Self-Help Groups for the Poor

Challenges: Poor depend informal; banks absent/difficult (collateral/docs needed); informal high rates, harassment.
SHGs: Organise rural poor/women; 15-20 members save Rs 25-100+; internal loans at low interest; after 1-2 years, bank loans for self-employment (mortgage release, inputs, assets).
Features: Group decisions; responsible for repayment; overcomes collateral issue; timely/reasonable loans; platform for social issues (health/nutrition/violence).
Grameen Bank: Bangladesh success; 9M members (mostly poor women); reliable borrowers, income-generating activities. Muhammad Yunus Nobel 2006: "Credit to poor on reasonable terms creates development wonder."

Summing Up

Modern Money-Banking Link: Depositors/borrowers; credit positive (earnings) or negative (debt-trap).
Sources/Terms: Formal/informal; vary; formal expand, equalise for poor.

SEO Note: Why This Guide?

Top-ranked for 'Money and Credit Class 10 notes 2025'—free, with 60 Q&A from PDF, quizzes. Integrates economic insights.

Key Themes

Economic Variations: Formal vs informal credit.
Systems Details: Banking, SHGs, demonetisation. Graphs: 1 & 2 for sources.
Empowerment Links: SHGs for women/poor.
Critical Thinking: Why debt-trap? How formal reduces exploitation? Credit role in development.

Cases for Exams

Use Graphs for credit distribution; discuss SHGs/Grameen; analyze demonetisation impacts.

Exercises Summary

Focus: Expanded to 60 Q&A from PDF: 20 short (2M), 20 medium (4M), 20 long (8M) based on NCERT exercises + similar.
Project Idea: Debate on demonetisation; collage on transactions.

Questions & Answers - CBSE Class 10 (60 from NCERT PDF)

20 Short (2M), 20 Medium (4M), 20 Long (8M) based on PDF exercises/content.

Short Questions (2 Marks Each) - 20 Total

1. What is barter? (PDF p.39)

Answer: Direct exchange without money.

2. Double coincidence? (PDF p.39)

Answer: Mutual wants in barter.

3. Modern currency issuer? (PDF p.40)

Answer: RBI.

4. Demand deposits? (PDF p.40)

Answer: Withdrawable bank deposits.

5. Cheque? (PDF p.41)

Answer: Payment instruction paper.

6. Bank cash reserve? (PDF p.42)

Answer: ~5%.

7. Debt-trap? (PDF p.44)

Answer: Unrecoverable debt situation.

8. Collateral? (PDF p.44)

Answer: Loan security asset.

9. SHG members? (PDF p.51)

Answer: 15-20.

10. Grameen members? (PDF p.52)

Answer: 9 million.

11. Demonetisation year? (PDF p.38)

Answer: 2016.

12. NSSO survey round? (PDF p.38)

Answer: 77th, 2019.

13. Formal rural credit %? (PDF p.48)

Answer: ~50%.

14. Informal interest? (PDF p.49)

Answer: Higher.

15. RBI role? (PDF p.48)

Answer: Supervises formal.

16. Yunus Nobel year? (PDF p.52)

Answer: 2006.

17. Krishak members? (PDF p.47)

Answer: 2300.

18. Informal rural %? (PDF p.48)

Answer: ~50%.

19. SHG saving range? (PDF p.51)

Answer: Rs 25-100+.

20. Grameen start? (PDF p.52)

Answer: 1970s.

Medium Questions (4 Marks Each) - 20 Total

1. Barter system limitations? (PDF p.39)

Answer: Requires double coincidence of wants; difficult to find mutual desires. Money eliminates this by acting as intermediate. Example: Shoe manufacturer needs wheat farmer wanting shoes; without, no exchange.

2. Modern currency features? (PDF p.40)

Answer: Paper notes/coins; no intrinsic use; authorised by government (RBI in India); legal tender, cannot refuse. Unlike past (precious metals/grains).

3. Demand deposits as money? (PDF p.40)

Answer: Withdrawable anytime; cheque facility for payments without cash; earn interest; safe. Constitute money with currency in modern economy.

4. Bank loan process? (PDF p.42)

Answer: Keep 5% cash; lend rest at higher interest; difference income. Mediate surplus (depositors) to need (borrowers); manage as not all withdraw same day.

5. Positive credit example? (PDF p.43)

Answer: Salim borrows for shoe order; hires/buys, delivers, profits, repays. Meets working capital, increases earnings.

6. Negative credit example? (PDF p.43)

Answer: Swapna borrows for crop; fails, debt grows, sells land. Debt-trap worsens situation.

7. Terms of credit? (PDF p.44)

Answer: Interest rate, collateral (asset security), docs (proof), repayment mode. Vary; e.g., house loan needs salary docs, property collateral.

8. Rural credit demand? (PDF p.44)

Answer: For crop production (seeds/fertilisers etc.); 3-4 months till harvest; repayment from income, risky if failure.

9. Shyamal credit? (PDF p.46)

Answer: From trader at 3%/month; supplies inputs, forced sell crop low post-harvest.

10. Arun credit? (PDF p.46)

Answer: Bank at 8.5%; repays after harvest, stores for fresh loan against receipt.

11. Rama credit? (PDF p.46)

Answer: From employer at 5%/month; works to repay, owes Rs 5000; landless depend on such.

12. Cooperatives role? (PDF p.47)

Answer: Pool resources; deposits collateral for bank loan; lend for implements/cultivation etc.

13. Formal sources? (PDF p.48)

Answer: Banks/cooperatives; RBI supervises cash/lending; to small cultivators etc.

14. Informal issues? (PDF p.49)

Answer: No supervision; high interest, unfair means; larger earnings part repays.

15. Graph 2 insight? (PDF p.49)

Answer: Poor 54% informal; rich 83% formal; poor pay more.

16. SHG formation? (PDF p.51)

Answer: 15-20 poor/women; save regularly; internal loans low interest; bank-eligible after.

17. SHG benefits? (PDF p.51)

Answer: No collateral; timely/reasonable loans; self-reliant; discuss social issues.

18. Grameen success? (PDF p.52)

Answer: Poor women reliable; income activities; 9M members.

19. Demonetisation? (PDF p.38)

Answer: 2016; invalid notes, promote digital/bank.

20. NSSO data? (PDF p.38)

Answer: Rural debt 2019; formal/informal.

Long Questions (8 Marks Each) - 20 Total

1. High risks credit problems? (PDF p.52, NCERT Q1)

Answer: In high-risk situations, credit can create further problems for the borrower, as seen in Swapna's case where crop failure led to inability to repay the loan from the moneylender, resulting in mounting debt and eventual sale of land to clear it. This is known as a debt-trap, where repayment becomes impossible, pushing the borrower into a cycle of borrowing more to repay old loans, reducing income and assets. In contrast, low-risk credit, like Salim's for production, can improve earnings if successful. The outcome depends on factors like crop success, support systems, and terms of credit. High risks amplify exploitation in informal sectors with high interest (e.g., 60% annual), leading to loss of livelihood. Formal credit with reasonable terms mitigates this, but access is limited for poor. Discuss with examples how credit should be expanded equitably to prevent such traps and promote development.

2. Money solves double coincidence? (PDF p.52, NCERT Q2)

Answer: Money solves the problem of double coincidence of wants by acting as a medium of exchange, allowing people to sell goods for money and then use it to buy what they need, without needing mutual desires in barter. For example, a shoe manufacturer can sell shoes to anyone for money and then buy wheat from a farmer, even if the farmer doesn't want shoes. In barter, exchange requires the shoe maker to find a wheat farmer who exactly wants shoes, which is difficult and time-consuming. Money eliminates this by providing an intermediate step, making transactions efficient. Historically, before money, grains or cattle were used, but modern currency (notes/coins authorised by RBI) is widely accepted as legal tender. This facilitates large-scale economic activities, payments, and growth. Explain with barter limitations and how money's role in daily life (buying/selling) underscores its importance in modern economies.

3. Banks mediate surplus/need? (PDF p.52, NCERT Q3)

Answer: Banks mediate between those with surplus money (depositors) and those who need money (borrowers) by accepting deposits and using a major portion to extend loans, while keeping a small cash reserve (~5%) for daily withdrawals. Depositors earn interest on savings, and borrowers pay higher interest, with the difference being banks' income. For instance, workers deposit extra salary cash, earning interest, and banks lend to businesses for activities. This mechanism ensures funds flow from surplus to deficit, supporting economic growth. Without banks, no demand deposits or cheque payments. RBI supervises to maintain cash balance and direct lending to priority sectors like small industries. Discuss risks (if all withdraw) but regulations prevent; examples like cheque transactions show efficiency. This linkage makes modern money (currency/deposits) functional.

4. 10 rupee note statement? (PDF p.52, NCERT Q4)

Answer: A 10 rupee note states "I promise to pay the bearer the sum of ten rupees" signed by the RBI Governor, meaning it's legal tender authorised by the government, guaranteeing its value and acceptance for transactions in India. This promise legalises the rupee as a medium of payment that cannot be refused. Unlike precious metal coins of the past, modern currency has no intrinsic value but is accepted due to government backing. RBI issues notes on behalf of the central government; no other can issue currency. Explain historical evolution from grains/cattle to metallic coins to paper; in India, refusal of rupees is illegal. This ensures smooth exchanges, eliminating barter issues. Discuss implications for trust in banking system and digital shifts post-demonetisation.

5. Expand formal credit India? (PDF p.52, NCERT Q5)

Answer: We need to expand formal sources of credit in India because they provide cheap, regulated loans (low interest, fair terms) compared to informal (high interest, exploitation), reducing debt-traps and increasing incomes for borrowers, especially poor/rural. Currently, formal meets only ~half rural needs; rest informal leads to higher costs, less enterprise. Expansion via banks/cooperatives/SHGs would allow cheap borrowing for crops/business/industries, boosting development. RBI supervision ensures priority lending to small borrowers. Graph 1 shows moneylenders 23%; poor rely more informal (Graph 2: 54% for poor vs 17% rich). Informal lacks oversight, unfair recovery. Expanding formal distributes equally, empowers poor like through SHGs. Discuss with examples: Arun's bank loan vs Rama's employer loan; aim for inclusive growth.

6. SHGs basic idea? (PDF p.52, NCERT Q6)

Answer: The basic idea behind Self-Help Groups (SHGs) for the poor is to organise them, especially women, into small groups (15-20 members) to pool savings and provide internal loans at reasonable rates, overcoming lack of collateral and bank access, fostering self-reliance and timely credit for self-employment. After regular savings, groups become eligible for bank loans without collateral, as group responsibility ensures repayment. This helps poor escape informal high-interest traps, start income activities (e.g., seeds/assets). Regular meetings discuss social issues (health/violence). Inspired by Grameen Bank (poor women reliable). In India, NABARD supports; empowers financially/socially. Explain formation: Save Rs 25-100; decisions group-made; building blocks for rural poor development.

7. Banks unwilling certain borrowers? (PDF p.52, NCERT Q7)

Answer: Banks might not be willing to lend to certain borrowers, like small farmers or poor without collateral/docs, because they require security (collateral) to recover if default, and proper documentation (income proof) to assess repayment capacity. Poor often lack assets (land/building) or steady income records, making loans risky. In rural India, 80% small farmers need credit for cultivation but banks unwilling due to high default risk from crop failure. They prefer profit-makers with collateral. This pushes poor to informal (moneylenders) with high interest. Discuss solutions: SHGs/cooperatives provide alternatives; RBI directs priority lending. Examples: Megha submits salary/house papers; poor like Rama depend employers.

8. RBI supervises banks? (PDF p.52, NCERT Q8)

Answer: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) supervises the functioning of banks by monitoring cash reserves (~5% deposits), ensuring lending to priority sectors (small cultivators/industries), and requiring periodic reports on amounts lent, to whom, at what rates. This is necessary to maintain financial stability, prevent failures (e.g., if all withdraw), direct credit for development, and avoid exploitation. RBI issues currency, legalises rupees. Without supervision, banks might lend only to profit-makers, ignoring poor. Contrast with informal (no oversight, high rates). Discuss role in demonetisation/digital push. This ensures smooth system, as money stock is currency + demand deposits.

9. Credit role development? (PDF p.52, NCERT Q9)

Answer: Credit plays a crucial role in development by providing funds for production/enterprise, increasing earnings if successful, but can hinder if risks lead to debt-trap. Positive: Meets working capital (Salim's shoes, profits); enables growth (crops/business). Negative: Failure worsens (Swapna's land sale). Analyse: Formal cheap credit expands incomes, sets industries; informal costly reduces. For India, expand formal/SHGs for poor to borrow reasonably, start activities, reduce inequality. Grameen shows poor reliable for development. Discuss terms (collateral/interest) impact; need equitable distribution for inclusive growth, as poor depend informal (Graph 2).

10. Manav borrow bank/moneylender? (PDF p.52, NCERT Q10)

Answer: Manav, needing loan for small business, will decide based on interest rate (bank lower ~8.5% vs moneylender 60%), terms (collateral/docs needed for bank; moneylender flexible but exploitative), repayment ease (bank structured, moneylender pressure), and access (bank regulated/safer but harder for poor). If Manav has collateral/docs, prefer bank for cheap/safe; else moneylender despite risks. Discuss pros/cons: Bank RBI-supervised, no unfair recovery; moneylender debt-trap possible. For development, promote formal to avoid exploitation.

11. Small farmers credit issues? (PDF p.52, NCERT Q11)

Answer: (a) Banks unwilling to lend small farmers due to lack collateral/docs, high risk from crop failure. (b) Other sources: Informal (moneylenders/traders/employers) high interest. (c) Unfavourable terms: High interest (5%/month), forced sell low, labour-bound; e.g., Shyamal sells to trader. (d) Ways for cheap credit: SHGs pool savings/bank loans; cooperatives low rates; government schemes/RBI priority lending.

12. Fill blanks. (PDF p.52, NCERT Q12)

Answer: (i) Rural (ii) High (iii) RBI (iv) Deposits (v) Collateral. Explain: Rural households informal; high costs burden; RBI issues; banks charge more on loans; collateral guarantee.

13. SHG decisions by? (PDF p.52, NCERT Q13(i))

Answer: In SHG, most decisions on savings/loans by members. (a) Bank (b) Members (c) NGO. Correct: (b). Discuss self-reliance, group responsibility; no external like NGO/bank for internal.

14. Formal not include? (PDF p.52, NCERT Q13(ii))

Answer: Formal sources not include employers. (a) Banks (b) Cooperatives (c) Employers. Correct: (c). Explain formal regulated (banks/coops); employers informal, high interest.

15. Occupations loan purposes? (PDF p.52, NCERT Q14)

Answer: Construction worker: Tools/house. Graduate: Computer/business. Government: House/car. Migrant: Daily needs. Maid: Emergencies. Trader: Stock. Driver: Vehicle. Factory closed: Job search. Classify bank (government/graduate/trader/driver with collateral) vs not (others poor/no collateral). Criterion: Collateral/income stability.

16. Demonetisation impact? (PDF p.38)

Answer: Demonetisation (2016) invalidated Rs 500/1000, replaced; promoted bank deposits/digital (mobile/cheques/ATM/cards/POS); reduced cash, corruption. Debate: Pros (formal shift, transparency); cons (initial disruption). Collage legitimate uses.

17. Grameen Bank details. (PDF p.52)

Answer: Started 1970s Bangladesh; 9M members (poor women); reasonable credit for income activities; reliable borrowers. Yunus: Credit to poor creates wonder. Nobel 2006. Inspires SHGs.

18. Formal vs informal differences. (PDF p.49)

Answer: Formal: Regulated (RBI), low interest, fair; informal: Unregulated, high interest, unfair. Formal expands development; informal debt-traps.

19. Credit reasonable all? (PDF p.49)

Answer: Reasonable credit for all crucial for incomes, enterprises, growth; reduces informal exploitation. Poor benefit most.

20. Informal supervisor? (PDF p.50)

Answer: Supervisor like RBI needed for informal to regulate rates/recovery; task difficult due to vast/unorganised nature.

Practice Tip: 2M: 2min; 4M: 5min; 8M: 12min; use graphs/examples.

Textbook Activities - Hands-On Learning

NCERT "Let's Work These Out" expanded.

Money Exchange (PDF p.40)

Steps: Easier exchange? Goods/services/wages barter? Extension: Money eliminates double; examples like salaries.

Cheque Withdraw (PDF p.42)

Steps: Salim withdraw Rs 20,000? Transaction effect? Deposits money? Extension: Write cheque; (ii) decreases Salim, increases Prem; yes, cheques.

Credit Table (PDF p.44)

Steps: Fill Salim/Swapna: Need/risk/outcome. Extension: Positive vs negative.

Swapna Risky (PDF p.44)

Steps: Reasons: Pesticides/moneylenders/climate. Extension: Crop failure factors.

Collateral (PDF p.45)

Steps: Lenders ask? Poor capacity? Easy terms: Low interest/easy repay/less collateral/docs. Extension: Security; affects poor borrowing.

Sonpur Credit (PDF p.47)

Steps: Sources/uses/terms compare; Arun higher? All cheap? Rama debt? Area arrangements. Extension: Trader/bank/employer; cultivation/emergencies.

Formal/Informal Diff (PDF p.50)

Steps: Differences? Reasonable all? Supervisor difficult? Rich formal higher? Extension: Regulation/interest; yes for growth; unorganised; collateral/access.

Demonetisation Debate (PDF p.38)

Steps: Process/impact. Extension: Pros/cons collage.

Grameen Explore (PDF p.52)

Steps: Newspaper/websites. Extension: Success stories.

Teacher Note: Use graphs for analysis.

Economic Indicators - Key Metrics

Indicator Value Significance

Bank Cash Reserve 5% For withdrawals.

Rural Formal Credit ~50% Half needs met.

Moneylender Rate 5%/month High informal.

Mnemonic: F-I for Formal, Informal.

Economic Influences - Key Factors

Collateral Need: Limits poor access.

Interest Diff: Bank income source.

Risks: Crop failure debt-trap.

Supervision: RBI for formal.

Graph Tip: Link to 1 & 2.

Economic Measures in India

SHGs: Pool savings for loans.

RBI Priority: Small borrowers.

Demonetisation: Digital push.

Cooperatives: Cheap rural credit.

Expansion: Inclusive finance.

Interactive Quiz - Test Economics Knowledge

30 MCQs; 80%+ for mastery. Covers NCERT + extras.

Quick Revision - Economics Flashcards & Mnemonics

Money Forms Mnemonic: C-D-C

Currency: Notes/coins RBI.

Demand Deposits: Bank withdrawable.

Cheques: Payment instruction.

Credit Situations: P-N

Positive (Salim earnings); Negative (Swapna trap).

Terms: I-C-D-M

Interest, Collateral, Docs, Mode.

Sources: F-I

Formal (banks/coops low interest); Informal (moneylenders high).

SHGs Process

Save; Internal loans; Bank eligible; Self-employment.

Graphs Key

1: Rural - Banks 51%, Moneylenders 23%.

2: Poor 54% informal; Rich 83% formal.

Bank Loans: D-L-I

Deposits; Lend major; Interest diff income.

Demonetisation

2016; Promote digital/bank; Reduce cash/corruption.

Village Examples

Shyamal: Trader 3%.

Arun: Bank 8.5%.

Rama: Employer 5%.

Grameen

1970s; Poor women; Yunus Nobel.

Historical Money

Grains/cattle; Metallic coins; Modern paper.

RBI Roles

Issue currency; Supervise banks; Priority lending.

Cooperatives

Pool resources; Cheap loans; Krishak 2300 members.

Debt-Trap Causes

High interest; Crop failure; No support.

Expansion Need

Cheap credit; Higher incomes; Reduce informal.

Revision Hack: Use graphs for sources; mnemonic for terms: I See Dogs Move (Interest, Collateral, Docs, Mode); review examples daily.

Indicator	Value	Significance
Bank Cash Reserve	5%	For withdrawals.
Rural Formal Credit	~50%	Half needs met.
Moneylender Rate	5%/month	High informal.

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Complete Solutions and Summary of Money and Credit – NCERT Class 10, Economics, Chapter 3 – Summary, Questions, Answers, Extra Questions

Money and Credit

Comprehensive Chapter Summary - Money and Credit Class 10 NCERT

Overview and Notes for the Teacher

Money as a Medium of Exchange

Modern Forms of Money

Loan Activities of Banks

Two Different Credit Situations

Terms of Credit

Variety of Credit Arrangements

Loans from Cooperatives

Formal Sector Credit in India

Formal and Informal Credit: Who Gets What?

Self-Help Groups for the Poor

Summing Up

SEO Note: Why This Guide?

Key Themes

Cases for Exams

Exercises Summary

Important Dates - Economic Milestones

Key Definitions - Economics Glossary

Double Coincidence of Wants

Demand Deposits

Collateral

Debt-Trap

Terms of Credit

Self-Help Group (SHG)

Formal Sector Credit

Informal Sector Credit

Questions & Answers - CBSE Class 10 (60 from NCERT PDF)

Short Questions (2 Marks Each) - 20 Total

1. What is barter? (PDF p.39)

2. Double coincidence? (PDF p.39)

3. Modern currency issuer? (PDF p.40)

4. Demand deposits? (PDF p.40)

5. Cheque? (PDF p.41)

6. Bank cash reserve? (PDF p.42)

7. Debt-trap? (PDF p.44)

8. Collateral? (PDF p.44)

9. SHG members? (PDF p.51)

10. Grameen members? (PDF p.52)

11. Demonetisation year? (PDF p.38)

12. NSSO survey round? (PDF p.38)

13. Formal rural credit %? (PDF p.48)

14. Informal interest? (PDF p.49)

15. RBI role? (PDF p.48)

16. Yunus Nobel year? (PDF p.52)

17. Krishak members? (PDF p.47)

18. Informal rural %? (PDF p.48)

19. SHG saving range? (PDF p.51)

20. Grameen start? (PDF p.52)

Medium Questions (4 Marks Each) - 20 Total

1. Barter system limitations? (PDF p.39)

2. Modern currency features? (PDF p.40)

3. Demand deposits as money? (PDF p.40)

4. Bank loan process? (PDF p.42)

5. Positive credit example? (PDF p.43)

6. Negative credit example? (PDF p.43)

7. Terms of credit? (PDF p.44)

8. Rural credit demand? (PDF p.44)

9. Shyamal credit? (PDF p.46)

10. Arun credit? (PDF p.46)

11. Rama credit? (PDF p.46)

12. Cooperatives role? (PDF p.47)

13. Formal sources? (PDF p.48)

14. Informal issues? (PDF p.49)

15. Graph 2 insight? (PDF p.49)

16. SHG formation? (PDF p.51)

17. SHG benefits? (PDF p.51)

18. Grameen success? (PDF p.52)

19. Demonetisation? (PDF p.38)

20. NSSO data? (PDF p.38)

Long Questions (8 Marks Each) - 20 Total

1. High risks credit problems? (PDF p.52, NCERT Q1)

2. Money solves double coincidence? (PDF p.52, NCERT Q2)

3. Banks mediate surplus/need? (PDF p.52, NCERT Q3)

4. 10 rupee note statement? (PDF p.52, NCERT Q4)

5. Expand formal credit India? (PDF p.52, NCERT Q5)

6. SHGs basic idea? (PDF p.52, NCERT Q6)

7. Banks unwilling certain borrowers? (PDF p.52, NCERT Q7)