Full Chapter Summary & Detailed Notes - Environment and Sustainable Development Class 11 NCERT
Overview & Key Concepts
- Chapter Goal: Understand environment's role, degradation causes/effects, India's challenges, sustainable development link. Exam Focus: Functions, crisis causes (population/industrialisation), land/air/water issues, strategies (non-conventional energy, traditional practices). 2025 Updates: SDG 2030 progress, climate accords. Fun Fact: Chipko Movement hugged trees to save forests. Core Idea: Unsustainable path depletes resources; need balance for future generations. Real-World: Gobar gas reduces rural pollution. Ties: To human development, poverty chapters.
- Wider Scope: Global warming, ozone depletion, intergenerational equity. Depth: Carrying capacity, absorptive capacity. Extended: UN SDGs 17 goals. Graphs: None. Historical: Industrial Revolution reversal. NCERT: Past development cost environment; choose sustainable path.
Introduction
Indian economy's growth at environmental cost; globalisation risks more degradation. Depth: Sections cover functions, India's state, sustainable strategies. Real-Life: Polluted rivers like Yamuna. Exam Tip: Link economy-environment interdependence. Extended: Human as disruptive element. Graphs: None. Historical: Post-independence heavy price. NCERT: Conscious choice for sustainability.
- Examples: Resource depletion, waste assimilation failure.
- Point: Three sections structure.
Extended: Globalisation promises growth but warns past path. Errors: Ignore environment? Crisis. Scope: Planetary inheritance. Principles: Inter-relationship biotic/abiotic. Real: Health costs rising. Additional: Work These Out activities. Depth: Economic issues faced. Interlinks: All sections. Advanced: Opportunity costs high. Symbols: Himalayan streams.
Environment – Definition and Functions
Total resources: Biotic (living: birds, forests) abiotic (non-living: air, water, rocks). Functions: Supplies resources (renewable/non-renewable), assimilates waste, sustains life (biodiversity), aesthetic services. Depth: Carrying capacity limit; exceed leads crisis. Real-Life: Fossil fuels exhaust. Exam Tip: Four functions list. Extended: Renewable examples trees/fish. Graphs: None. Historical: Pre-industrial balance. NCERT: Inter-relationship study.
- Examples: Non-renewable coal; assimilates within capacity.
- Point: Demand within regeneration/assimilation.
Extended: Population/affluence stress first two functions. Errors: Unlimited? No, crisis threshold. Scope: Vital functions. Principles: Life sustenance. Real: 70% water polluted. Additional: Global warming box (CO2 31% rise). Depth: Ozone depletion (CFC ban). Interlinks: State of environment. Advanced: Absorptive capacity definition. Symbols: Water bodies fig.
State of India’s Environment
Abundant resources (soil, rivers, forests, minerals) but pressure from development. Issues: Land degradation (deforestation, erosion), biodiversity loss, air pollution (vehicles 85%), water management, waste. Depth: 17% world population on 2.5% land; soil erosion 5.3 bn tonnes/year. Real-Life: Damodar Valley disaster. Exam Tip: Priority issues five. Extended: Chipko/Appiko movements. Graphs: None. Historical: Post-1974 CPCB. NCERT: Dichotomy poverty/affluence threats.
- Examples: Black soil cotton; Indo-Gangetic fertile.
- Point: 0.06 ha forest per capita vs 0.47 needed.
Extended: Factors land degradation 12 listed. Errors: Abundant? Finite pressure. Scope: Urban vehicular emissions. Principles: Degradation types. Real: 35 cr vehicles 2022. Additional: Pollution boards functions. Depth: 17 polluting industries. Interlinks: Sustainable dev. Advanced: Nutrient loss 5.8-8.4 mn tonnes. Symbols: Deforestation fig.
Sustainable Development
Meets present needs without compromising future; intergenerational equity. Depth: Brundtland: Basic needs all, redistribute resources. Real-Life: Poor livelihoods minimise depletion. Exam Tip: Definition catchphrases. Extended: Daly's five needs (population limit, tech efficient). Graphs: None. Historical: UNCED 1992; SDGs 2015-2030. NCERT: Moral obligation bequeath better environment.
- Examples: Edward Barbier grass-root focus.
- Point: Conserve assets, regenerative capacity.
Extended: UN 17 SDGs discuss India context. Errors: Ignore future? Crisis. Scope: Economy-environment interdependence. Principles: Non-declining welfare. Real: Absolute poverty decrease. Additional: Work These Out air pollution Diwali. Depth: Aspirations opportunity. Interlinks: Strategies. Advanced: Plimsoll line analogy. Symbols: None.
Strategies for Sustainable Development
Non-conventional energy (wind, solar, mini-hydel), LPG/gobar rural, CNG urban, traditional knowledge, biocomposting, biopest control. Depth: Reduce pollution, conserve resources. Real-Life: ISA solar alliance. Exam Tip: Examples each strategy. Extended: Gobar slurry fertiliser. Graphs: None. Historical: CNG Delhi cleaner air. NCERT: Paradigm shift lasting development.
- Examples: Photovoltaic cells remote areas; neem pesticides.
- Point: Environment-friendly practices.
Extended: 15,000 medicinal plants; herbal cosmetics. Errors: Chemical switch? Damage. Scope: Rural/urban. Principles: Traditional close to nature. Real: Earthworms compost faster. Additional: Work These Out CNG/odd-even. Depth: Mini-hydel perennial streams. Interlinks: Conclusion. Advanced: Crop rotation mixed. Symbols: Gobar plant fig.
Conclusion
Development pressures environment; sustainable minimises problems, ensures future needs. Depth: Initial low demand, now reversal supply-demand. Real-Life: Overuse/misuse limited supply. Exam Tip: Intergenerational equity. Extended: Non-declining welfare. Graphs: None. Historical: Population explosion change. NCERT: Catchphrase paradigm shift.
- Examples: Basic needs employment/food/energy.
- Point: Lasting development.
Extended: Recap four functions, challenges. Errors: Unlimited growth? No. Scope: Present compromise future? Avoid. Principles: Equity. Real: Resource depletion. Additional: Exercises 19 questions. Depth: Strategies ensure. Interlinks: All. Advanced: Moral issue distribution. Symbols: None.
Summary
- Environment functions four; crisis from exceed capacity; India abundant but degraded (land/air/water); sustainable meets needs equitably; strategies non-conventional/traditional reduce impact.
Why This Guide Stands Out
Complete: All subtopics, boxes (warming/ozone/Chipko), Q&A, quiz. Economics-focused: Costs/opportunity. Free 2025. More content: Extended examples, real-world links, advanced depth.
Key Themes & Tips
- Aspects: Functions, degradation, sustainability, strategies.
- Thinkers: Brundtland, Daly, Barbier.
- Tip: Functions explain; causes analyze; strategies examples; equity discuss; SDG link.
Exam Case Studies
Chipko, Damodar pollution, Diwali air spike, Gobar plants, solar ISA.
Project & Group Ideas
- Debate sustainable vs growth.
- Map India's polluted rivers/forests.
60+ Questions & Answers - NCERT Based (Class 11)
Part A (1 mark short: 2 lines), B (4 marks medium: 5 lines), C (8 marks long: 10 lines). Based on NCERT, exercises. More content: 20 each part.
Part A: 1 Mark Questions
1. What is environment defined as?
1 Mark Answer: Total planetary inheritance and totality of all resources. It includes biotic and abiotic factors influencing each other.
2. Name two biotic elements.
1 Mark Answer: Birds and forests. They are living components.
3. What are non-renewable resources?
1 Mark Answer: Resources exhausted with extraction like fossil fuels. Example: Coal.
4. What is carrying capacity?
1 Mark Answer: Environment's ability to support demand without depletion. Like a ship's load limit.
5. Name one function of environment.
1 Mark Answer: Supplies resources. Both renewable and non-renewable.
6. What causes environmental crisis?
1 Mark Answer: Demand exceeds regeneration and assimilation capacity. Leads to depletion.
7. What % of India's water is polluted?
1 Mark Answer: Seventy per cent. Results in water-borne diseases.
8. Name a global environmental issue.
1 Mark Answer: Global warming. Caused by greenhouse gases like CO2.
9. What is ozone depletion caused by?
1 Mark Answer: CFCs in refrigerators. Leads to UV radiation increase.
10. Name one land degradation factor.
1 Mark Answer: Deforestation. Causes soil erosion.
11. What is per capita forest land in India?
1 Mark Answer: 0.06 hectare. Against required 0.47 hectare.
12. When was CPCB established?
1 Mark Answer: 1974. For pollution control.
13. What is sustainable development?
1 Mark Answer: Meets present needs without future compromise. UNCED definition.
14. Name one SDG aspect.
1 Mark Answer: 17 goals by 2030. Includes climate action.
15. What is intergenerational equity?
1 Mark Answer: Bequeath equal quality life assets. Moral obligation.
16. Name a non-conventional energy source.
1 Mark Answer: Solar power. Via photovoltaic cells.
17. What is gobar gas used for?
1 Mark Answer: Fuel in rural areas. Slurry as fertiliser.
18. What is biopest control?
1 Mark Answer: Natural methods like neem. Reduces chemicals.
19. Name Chipko Movement place.
1 Mark Answer: Himalayas. Hug trees to protect.
20. What is supply-demand reversal?
1 Mark Answer: Increased demand limited supply. Due to overuse.
Part B: 4 Marks Questions
1. Explain four functions of environment.
4 Marks Answer: Supplies resources (renewable/non-renewable like trees/coal). Assimilates waste within capacity. Sustains life via biodiversity/genetic diversity. Provides aesthetic services like scenery. These uninterrupted if demand within carrying capacity, else crisis.
2. Discuss causes of environmental crisis.
4 Marks Answer: Population explosion and affluent consumption stress resources. Extraction exceeds regeneration; wastes beyond assimilation. Pre-industrial demand low, now reversal supply-demand. Results in extinction, polluted rivers, health costs rise. Global issues like warming add commitments.
3. Describe biotic and abiotic elements.
4 Marks Answer: Biotic: Living like birds/animals/plants/forests/fisheries. Abiotic: Non-living like air/water/land/rocks/sunlight. They influence each other; study inter-relationship essential. Examples: Trees renewable biotic; water abiotic resource. Total environment totality.
4. Explain carrying and absorptive capacity.
4 Marks Answer: Carrying: Resource extraction not above regeneration rate. Absorptive: Waste within degradation absorb limit. Exceed leads failure life sustenance. Like plimsoll line for economy. Population/affluence exceed both, cause crisis today.
5. What are opportunity costs of degradation?
4 Marks Answer: High: Tech/research for new resources. Health costs from polluted air/water (respiratory/diseases). Global warming/ozone financial commitments. 70% water polluted increases expenditure. Development past dried aquifers, water economic good.
6. Outline India's natural resources.
4 Marks Answer: Rich soil (Deccan black cotton), rivers/tributaries, forests green cover, minerals (8% world iron-ore), ocean stretch, mountains. Indo-Gangetic fertile/dense. But development pressure finite, impacts health. Deposits iron/coal/gas/bauxite etc.
7. Discuss land degradation factors.
4 Marks Answer: Deforestation, fuelwood extraction, shifting cultivation, forest encroachment/fires/overgrazing. Inadequate soil conservation, improper rotation/irrigation, agro-chemicals, groundwater excess, open access, poverty. 17% world pop/20% livestock on 2.5% land pressures.
8. Explain air pollution in India.
4 Marks Answer: Widespread urban vehicular (85% two-wheelers/cars), industrial/thermal. Vehicles from 3 lakh 1951 to 35 cr 2022. CPCB identifies 17 polluting industries. Ground level impact maximum population. State boards inspect/monitor.
9. What is sustainable development definition?
4 Marks Answer: UNCED: Meets present needs without compromising future ability. Brundtland: Basic needs all, aspirations opportunity. Barbier: Increase poor living (income/education/health). Daly: Population limit, tech efficient, sustainable extraction.
10. Explain intergenerational equity.
4 Marks Answer: Present generation bequeath no less quality life assets. Moral obligation hand over better planet. Promote compatible conservation, regenerative capacity, avoid future costs/risks. Ensures non-declining welfare all.
11. Describe Daly's sustainable conditions.
4 Marks Answer: Limit population to carrying capacity. Tech input efficient not consuming. Renewables extraction = regeneration. Non-renewables depletion = substitutes creation. Correct pollution inefficiencies.
12. What are SDGs?
4 Marks Answer: UN 17 goals 2030: No poverty, zero hunger, health, education, gender equality, clean water, energy, economic growth, industry/innovation, inequalities reduce, cities sustainable, consumption responsible, climate action, life below water/land, peace/justice, partnerships.
13. Explain non-conventional energy use.
4 Marks Answer: India thermal/hydro dependent, adverse impacts (CO2/fly ash/inundation). Wind/solar clean: Turbines generate no pollution, high initial but absorbed. Efforts tapping recent.
14. Discuss LPG/gobar in rural.
4 Marks Answer: Wood/dung cause deforestation/air pollution. Subsidised LPG clean, minimises wastage. Gobar plants: Dung to gas fuel, slurry organic fertiliser/conditioner. Reduces green cover loss, cattle dung waste.
15. What is CNG benefit urban?
4 Marks Answer: Delhi public transport lowered pollution, air cleaner. Other cities adopted. Compressed natural gas fuel significant reduction emissions.
16. Explain solar power photovoltaic.
4 Marks Answer: Sunlight abundant; cells convert to electricity. Useful remote/costly grid areas, pollution-free. India efforts increase generation, leads ISA international.
17. Describe mini-hydel plants.
4 Marks Answer: Mountain streams perennial; small turbines local electricity. Environment-friendly, no land change, meets demands, avoids transmission loss/towers.
18. What is traditional knowledge value?
4 Marks Answer: Indians environment component not controller; agriculture/health/housing eco-friendly. 15k medicinal plants, 8k used Ayurveda/Unani/folk. Herbal products side-effect free, no large processing.
19. Explain biocomposting.
4 Marks Answer: Neglected compost for chemicals; land/water contaminated, irrigation demand up. Organic wastes compost, cattle dung fertiliser. Earthworms faster process, reduces civic waste.
20. Discuss biopest control.
4 Marks Answer: Green revolution chemical frenzy contaminated food/soil/water. Plant-based like neem; mixed cropping/rotation. Animals/birds/snakes/lizards natural predators save.
Part C: 8 Marks Questions
1. Discuss environment functions and crisis causes.
8 Marks Answer: Four functions: Supplies renewable (trees) non-renewable (fuels); assimilates waste; sustains biodiversity life; aesthetic scenery. Uninterrupted within carrying (regeneration) absorptive (degradation) capacity. Crisis: Population explosion developing, affluent consumption/production developed stress first two. Extraction > regeneration, wastes > absorb; extinct resources, polluted aquifers/rivers (70% India water). Health costs respiratory/water-borne rise; global warming/ozone commitments. Pre-industrial low demand, industrial revolution reversal supply-demand overuse/misuse. Opportunity costs high: Tech explore new, health expenditure, economic good water. Result threshold crisis worldwide.
2. Analyze biotic/abiotic and inter-relationship.
8 Marks Answer: Environment totality resources: Biotic living birds/animals/plants/forests/fisheries influence life. Abiotic non-living air/water/land/rocks/sunlight provide base. Study inter-relationship essential; mutual influence biotic on abiotic (pollution) abiotic on biotic (climate). Examples: Trees biotic renewable, water abiotic essential. Functions derive: Resources from both, waste assimilate abiotic, biodiversity biotic sustain, aesthetic combined. Exceed capacities disrupt balance; population/affluence huge stress. Real: Forests green cover wildlife, minerals beneath land. India's abundant but pressure development dichotomy poverty degradation/affluence pollution. Historical pre-civilisation harmony, now reversal. Link sustainable: Conserve inter-links for equity.
3. Examine India's environmental state and challenges.
8 Marks Answer: Abundant: Rich soil (Deccan cotton), rivers/forest cover, minerals (8% iron-ore), ocean/mountains. Indo-Gangetic fertile dense. But finite pressure: 17% world pop/20% livestock 2.5% land. Challenges: Land degradation (12 factors deforestation/erosion, 5.3 bn tonnes soil/year, nutrient loss 5.8-8.4 mn); biodiversity loss; air pollution vehicular (35 cr vehicles 85% two/three wheelers)/industrial (17 categories CPCB); water fresh management (70% polluted); solid waste. Dichotomy: Poverty induced (overgrazing) affluence (pollution). Urbanisation/industrialisation unplanned risks. CPCB 1974 monitors standards/inspects. Movements Chipko/Appiko protect. Priority five issues; government measures but sustainable path needed for reward.
4. Discuss global warming and ozone depletion impacts.
8 Marks Answer: Warming: Gradual atmosphere temperature rise greenhouse gases (CO2 31%, CH4 149% since 1750) human-induced fossil burn/deforestation. 1.1°F rise century, sea level inches up; results polar melt/flooding, water disruption, species extinction, storms, diseases. Factors coal/petroleum/methane cattle/deforestation. Kyoto 1997 reductions industrialised. Ozone: Stratosphere reduction chlorine/bromine CFCs (cooling/aerosols)/halons (extinguishers). 5% depletion 1979-90; UV increase skin cancer/phytoplankton affect aquatic/terrestrial plants. Montreal Protocol ban CFCs/halons. Both contribute financial commitments; India vulnerable rising health/economic costs. Link crisis: Past development ignored, now reversal demand-supply.
5. Elaborate sustainable development concept.
8 Marks Answer: Economy-environment interdependent; ignore repercussions destroys sustenance. Sustainable: Meets present without future compromise; UNCED/Brundtland basic needs all, aspirations opportunity, redistribute moral. Barbier: Poor grass-root living increase (income/real/education/health/sanitation/water). Aims absolute poverty decrease, secure livelihoods minimise depletion/degradation/disruption/instability. Brundtland future protect; moral bequeath better. Present enhance natural/built compatible: Conserve assets, preserve regenerative, avoid future costs/risks. Daly: Population carrying limit (plimsoll), tech efficient, renewables extraction=regeneration, non-renewables depletion=substitutes, pollution correct. SDGs 17/2030 framework India. Paradigm shift non-declining welfare.
6. Analyze strategies: Non-conventional energy.
8 Marks Answer: India thermal (CO2/fly ash pollute water/land) hydro (forests inundate/flow interfere) dependent adverse. Non-conventional clean: Wind high speed mills turbines electricity no impact, initial high absorbed. Solar photovoltaic cells capture sunlight convert, useful remote/grid costly, pollution-free; India abundant dry/warm, efforts increase, ISA lead. Mini-hydel mountain perennial streams small turbines local power, eco-friendly no land change/transmission loss. All reduce fossil dependence, greenhouse emissions. Real: Delhi CNG urban cleaner. Link sustainable: Input efficient, regenerative preserve, future risks avoid.
7. Discuss rural/urban energy strategies.
8 Marks Answer: Rural: Wood/dung biomass deforestation/green loss/dung waste/pollution. Subsidised LPG clean reduces household pollution/wastage. Gobar plants dung fed gas fuel, slurry organic fertiliser/conditioner improves soil. Urban: CNG public transport Delhi lowered air significantly cleaner, other cities began. Both minimise adverse, promote clean fuels. Link traditional: Close environment, eco-friendly. Benefits: Health improve, resources conserve, costs lower long-term.
8. Explain traditional knowledge and biocomposting/biopest.
8 Marks Answer: Traditional: Indians component not controller; agriculture/health/housing/transport eco-friendly, drifted recent damage heritage. 15k plants medicinal, 8k used Ayurveda/Unani/Tibetan/folk chronic treatments. Herbal cosmetics (oil/toothpaste/lotion/cream) environment-friendly, side-effect free, no industrial/chemical large. Biocomposting: Neglected for chemicals land/water contaminate/irrigation up; organic wastes compost, cattle dung fertiliser, earthworms faster, civic waste reduce. Biopest: Green rev chemicals contaminated all; plant neem chemicals, mixed cropping/rotation, animals (snakes)/birds (owls/peacocks)/lizards predators. All sustainable alternatives minimise degradation.
9. Examine Chipko/Appiko and pollution boards role.
8 Marks Answer: Chipko: Himalayas protect forests, hugged trees woodcutters leave, saved 12k trees, spread. Appiko: Karnataka 'hug' Salkani 1983, vigil assured scientific felling. Against commercial damage fuelwood/industrial; rules consult locals, no fell near water/slope. Boards: CPCB 1974 water/air, state follow; investigate/disseminate info, standards sewage/emissions, technical assistance cleanliness, research/awareness, manuals/guidelines, inspect industries, monitor 125 rivers/wells/lakes. Role: Prevent/control/abate, quality improve, data for siting/planning. Link sustainable: Community protect, boards enforce.
10. Discuss conclusion: Development and sustainability.
8 Marks Answer: Economic development rising population pressures environment; initial demand < supply, now increased demand limited overuse/misuse. Sustainable promotes minimises problems, meets present without future compromise. Intergenerational equity basic needs employment/food/energy/water/housing, growth agriculture/manufacturing/power/services. Paradigm shift lasting non-declining welfare. Recap: Functions four, stress population/affluent, India pressure finite impacts health, government measures but path sustainable essential. Challenges: Poverty/unemployment welfare, enormous social/economic.
11. Analyze supply-demand reversal effects.
8 Marks Answer: Pre-population/industrial low demand < supply, pollution/absorb, extraction < regeneration no problems. Now explosion/advent needs growing, production/consumption beyond, pressure absorptive tremendous continues. Reversal: Demand environmental resources/services high, supply limited overuse/misuse. Issues waste/pollution critical; resources extinct, wastes beyond capacity. India: Rivers dry, water economic, extraction exhaust, health decline air/water quality, global warming/ozone costs. Opportunity high, crisis threshold.
12. Examine land degradation in India.
8 Marks Answer: Varying degrees unstable use/management. Factors: Vegetation loss deforestation, unsustainable fuel/fodder, shifting cult, encroachment/fires/grazing, soil conservation non-adopt, crop rotation improper, agro-chemicals indiscriminate, irrigation mismanagement, groundwater excess recharge, open access, agriculture poverty. High density pop/livestock 17%/20% world on 2.5% area pressure finite land forestry/agri/pastures/settlements/industries. Per capita forest 0.06 ha vs 0.47 need, excess felling 15 mn cubic m. Erosion 5.3 bn tonnes/year, loss N 0.8/P 1.8/K 26.3 mn tonnes, govt 5.8-8.4 mn nutrients.
13. Discuss air/water pollution concerns India.
8 Marks Answer: Air: Urban vehicles major (3 lakh 1951-35 cr 2022, 85% two/cars), industrial/thermal high concentration. Ground sources max impact pop. 10 industrialised nations but unplanned urbanisation/pollution/accidents. CPCB 17 large/medium polluting. Water: 70% polluted, contamination soil erosion, fresh management varying degradation unstable practices. Priority air vehicular urban, water fresh, waste solid. Boards collect/disseminate data, monitor 125 rivers/tributaries/wells/lakes/creeks/ponds/tanks/drains/canals, standards effluents/emissions.
14. Analyze sustainable development moral aspects.
8 Marks Answer: 'Needs' link resource distribution moral; Our Common Future: Basic all, aspirations better life, redistribute. Environmentalists: Obligation hand good order planet, bequeath better. Present promote enhance natural/built compatible conserve assets, preserve regenerative ecological, avoid added costs/risks future. Barbier: Concern poor grass-root material standard increase measured income/education/health etc, decrease absolute poverty secure livelihoods minimise depletion/degradation/cultural/social instability. Ensures growth agriculture/manuf/power/services meet needs particularly poor majority.
15. Examine strategies traditional practices.
8 Marks Answer: Close environment component; drifted recent damage rural heritage, time return. Healthcare: Privileged 15k medicinal species, 8k regular folk/Ayurveda/Unani/Tibetan chronic. Western onslaught ignored, now demand herbal (oil/paste/lotion/cream) eco-friendly side-free no large industrial/chemical. Biocomp: Quest production neglected compost switched chemicals; productive land affected, water/ground contaminate, irrigation up. Farmers organic wastes, cattle dung important fertiliser, earthworms convert faster normal, civic benefited reduced dispose. All minimise degradation, promote regenerative.
16. Discuss biopest and pest control methods.
8 Marks Answer: Green rev frenzy chemicals higher yield; adverse food/soil/water/ground/milk/meat/fish contaminate. Challenge better methods: Plant products pesticides, neem useful isolated chemicals used. Mixed cropping/consecutive years same land helped farmers. Awareness animals/birds control: Snakes prey rats/mice/pests, birds owls/peacocks vermin/insects, lizards important. Dwell agricultural areas clear pests including insects. Save value, reduce chemical frenzy impacts.
17. Analyze Chipko movement significance.
8 Marks Answer: Aware protect Himalayas forests; Karnataka Appiko 'hug' 8 Sep 1983 Salkani Sirsi, 160 men/women/children hugged forced woodcutters leave, vigil six weeks assured scientific/working plan. Commercial contractors damaged natural forests, hugging hope/confidence protect. Incident discontinued felling saved 12k trees, months spread adjoining districts. Indiscriminate fuelwood/industrial led problems: Paper mill Uttar Kanara wiped bamboo, broad-leaved removed soil washed bare laterite weed, rivers dry quicker erratic rain, unknown diseases/insects crops. Volunteers rules: Consult locals marking, no trees 100m water/30° slope. Govt allocates forestlands industries raw, mill 10k/plywood 800 deprive million needs acceptable?
18. Examine pollution control boards functions.
8 Marks Answer: Address water/air major; CPCB 1974 central, states level all concerns. Investigate/collect/disseminate water/air/land info, standards sewage/trade effluent/emissions. Technical assistance govts promote streams/wells cleanliness prevention/control/abatement water pollution, air quality prevent/control/abate. Carry/sponsor investigation/research problems prevention/control/abatement. Organise mass media awareness comprehensive. Prepare manuals/codes/guidelines treatment/disposal sewage/effluents. Assess air quality regulate industries; state district officials periodic inspect adequacy treatment effluent/gaseous. Provide background data industrial siting/town planning. Collect/collate/disseminate technical/statistical water pollution data, monitor quality 125 rivers/tributaries/wells/lakes/creeks/ponds/tanks/drains/canals.
19. Discuss development path unsustainable to sustainable.
8 Marks Answer: Achieved growth heavy environmental price; globalisation higher but adverse past path, consciously sustainable. Unsustainable: Past polluted/dried rivers/aquifers water economic, extraction intensive/extensive exhausted vital, health degraded quality incidence diseases, global issues warming/ozone commitments. Opportunity costs high. Sustainable: Needed interdependence; ignore destroys life forms. Meets present without compromise future, equity bequeath better. Strategies: Energy non-conventional reduce adverse, traditional/biocomp/biopest alternatives chemicals, movements community protect. Paradigm shift ensures lasting non-declining welfare all. UN SDGs guide 2030.
20. Analyze exercises recap points.
8 Marks Answer: Environment four functions supplies/assimilates/sustains/aesthetic. Explosion/affluent stress huge. Developmental India immense finite pressure human health. Threat dichotomy poverty degradation/affluence pollution industrial. Govt measures safeguard but sustainable path necessary. Sustainable present need without future ability. Promotion resources/conservation/regenerative/avoid risks future lead sustainable. Additional activities: 70 lakh cars depletion discuss, recyclables list, soil erosion chart causes/remedies, population crisis debate, nation pay damages discuss, paper factory role play activist/industrialist/villagers.
Tip: Functions/causes link; challenges examples; strategies detail; equity moral. Lengths adjusted: 1m 2lines, 4m 5lines, 8m 10lines.
