Complete Solutions and Summary of Constitutional Design – NCERT Class 9, Civics, Chapter 2 – Summary, Questions, Answers, Extra Questions

Detailed summary and explanation of Chapter 2 'Constitutional Design' covering the need for a constitution, making of the Indian constitution, foundational values and philosophy, key makers and debates, with question answers and extra questions based on NCERT Class IX Civics.

Updated: 3 weeks ago

Categories: NCERT, Class IX, Civics, Summary, Extra Questions, Constitution, Constitutional Design, Democracy, India, Chapter 2

Tags: Constitution, Democracy, Indian Constitution, Constituent Assembly, Fundamental Rights, Duties, Preamble, Social Justice, Secularism, Representation, India, Political Philosophy, NCERT, Class 9, Civics, Chapter 2, Answers, Extra Questions

Constitutional Design - Complete Study Guide

Comprehensive Chapter Summary

Overview

Core Concept of Constitution in Democracy: In democracies, rulers are bound by basic rules called the constitution, the supreme law that outlines citizens' rights, government powers, and functioning; prevents arbitrary rule.
Key Questions Addressed: Why need a constitution? How drawn up? Who designs it? What values shape democratic constitutions? Can changes be made later? These questions are explored through real-world examples.
Focus on South Africa and India: Recent SA example of post-apartheid design; India's process post-independence; both highlight transformation from oppression to democratic framework fostering citizen and government conduct.
Broader Relevance: Constitutions generate trust, specify governance, limit powers, express societal aspirations; essential for diverse societies to coordinate and build inclusive nations.
Expanded Insight: Unlike monarchies or dictatorships, democratic constitutions are written, agreed upon by representatives, and amendable to adapt to changing conditions without losing core values.

Learning Tip

Visualize constitution as society's "social contract": A binding agreement like a family rulebook, ensuring fairness and preventing conflicts, inspired by Enlightenment thinkers but adapted locally.

2.1 Democratic Constitution in South Africa

Historical Context of Apartheid: Unique racial discrimination system (1948-1989) imposed by white European settlers (17th-18th centuries); divided people by skin color—Blacks (75% natives, oppressed), Coloureds (mixed), Indians (migrants), Whites (rulers treating non-whites as inferiors without votes).
Oppressive Features: Segregation in all spheres—living areas (Blacks needed permits for white zones), transport (separate trains/buses), public facilities (hotels, schools, beaches with "whites only" signs like Durban 1953), churches, associations (Blacks barred from protesting).
Struggle Against Apartheid: Began 1950s with protests, marches, strikes led by African National Congress (ANC)—umbrella for workers' unions, Communist Party; joined by sensitive whites; international denunciation as racist, but regime responded with detention, torture, killings of thousands.
Nelson Mandela's Iconic Role: ANC leader, tried for treason (Rivonia Trial 1964), sentenced to life on Robben Island (27 years); speech: Fought white/black domination for "democratic free society... prepared to die"; symbolized non-violent yet firm resistance.
Towards Transition: Increased struggles forced policy shift—repealed discriminatory laws, lifted bans; Mandela freed 1990 after 28 years; midnight April 26, 1994, new multi-racial flag unfurled, ending apartheid via first democratic elections.
Negotiated Constitution: Oppressors (former regime) and oppressed (ANC) sat together for 2 years of debate; forgave past atrocities; built "rainbow nation" on equality, democratic values, social justice, human rights; 1996 Constitution—one of world's finest, granting extensive rights (e.g., equality for all races/genders).
Mandela's Vision Expanded: "Historical enemies negotiated peaceful transition... belief in goodness cornerstone of democracy"; preamble heals divisions, honors sufferers, builds open society; inspires global democrats—from pariah state to model.
Key Lesson: Inclusive process excluded no one as "demon"; everyone part of solution despite past; contrasts revenge, fostering unity.

Apartheid's Lasting Symbols Expanded

Signs like Durban beach ("reserved for white race group") emblematic of era's tension; hypothetical revenge by black majority post-1994 would perpetuate cycle—chapter asks: What if? Answer: Undermines trust; SA chose forgiveness for sustainable democracy.

2.2 Why Do We Need a Constitution?

SA as Illustrative Example: Oppressed (Blacks) and oppressors (Whites) to live as equals post-apartheid; fears on both sides—Blacks wanted majority rule (one person one vote), social/economic rights; Whites sought privilege/property protection.
Compromise Dynamics: Long negotiations led to agreement—Whites accepted majority rule/basic rights for poor/workers; Blacks agreed no absolute rule (e.g., no arbitrary property seizure); not easy, required trust-building.
Role of Written Rules: Only way to implement/guarantee compromise—written "rules of game" all abide by; lays future ruler selection, elected powers/limits, citizen rights; supreme, not easily changeable by winners.
Four Key Functions Detailed:
- Trust and Coordination: Essential for diverse groups (e.g., SA's racial divides) to live together; prevents breakdown in suspicion-heavy societies.
- Government Constitution: Specifies formation (e.g., elections), decision powers (who does what), ensuring accountable rule.
- Limits on Power: Defines what governments cannot do; protects citizen rights (e.g., equality, no discrimination).
- Aspirational Expression: Outlines vision for good society (e.g., justice, liberty); guides laws/actions.
Universality: Not unique to SA/countries—needed worldwide for differences; applies to associations (clubs, cooperatives) requiring democratic rules like non-discriminatory membership.
Democratic Practice: All democracies have written constitutions (e.g., US post-1776 Independence, France post-Revolution); non-democracies may have but ignore them; constitutions enable evolution from subjects to citizens.
Expanded Critique: Without constitution, trust fragile (e.g., SA's revenge risk); written form ensures enforcement, unlike oral promises; activity: Analyze local club rules for democratic alignment (e.g., equal voting?).

Real-World Application Expanded

SA's 1996 Constitution: Preamble invokes past injustices, future unity ("May God protect our people"); most extensive rights globally, including socio-economic; model for conflict resolution—e.g., influenced post-apartheid reconciliation commissions.

2.3 Making of the Indian Constitution

Challenging Circumstances: Unlike SA, India emerged from colonial subjugation to citizenship amid partition trauma (10 lakh killed in religious violence); princely states' merger uncertain (join India/Pakistan or independent?); future insecure with princely integration challenges.
Pre-Existing Consensus Advantage: Freedom struggle not just anti-foreign but rejuvenative—transformed society/politics; sharp differences on post-independence path, but basics agreed (e.g., democracy, equality) from 1928 Motilal Nehru Report (universal franchise, freedom/equality, minority rights) and 1931 Karachi Resolution.
Colonial Institutional Legacy: British voting to few led to weak legislatures; 1937 Provincial elections/Ministries (not fully democratic) provided experience for own institutions; adopted details from 1935 Government of India Act (e.g., federal structure).
Global Inspirations Adapted: French Revolution (ideals of liberty/equality), British parliamentary practice, US Bill of Rights, Russian socialist equality; leaders questioned suitability for India—not blind imitation, but selective learning on own terms.
Constituent Assembly Composition: Elected July 1946 by Provincial Legislatures (fair regional representation); 299 members post-partition (Dec 1946 first meeting); Congress-dominated but diverse (languages, castes, classes, religions, occupations, non-Congress members like communists).
Deliberative Process: Systematic/open/consensual—basic principles first; Drafting Committee (Dr. Ambedkar chair) prepared draft; clause-by-clause discussion (114 days over 3 years, 2000+ amendments); all documents/debates recorded (12 volumes 'Constituent Assembly Debates') for interpretation.
Adoption and Legitimacy: Adopted Nov 26, 1949; effective Jan 26, 1950 (Republic Day); broad consensus (no major group questions legitimacy today); represented people indirectly via legislatures—composition similar even under universal franchise; unusual achievement vs. rewrites elsewhere.
Key Makers Profiles Expanded: Rajendra Prasad (President, Champaran satyagraha); H.C. Mookerjee (Vice-Chair, educationist); Jaipal Singh (Adivasi leader, hockey captain); Vallabhbhai Patel (Home Minister, princely integration); Abul Kalam Azad (Education Minister, anti-separatist); T.T. Krishnamachari (Drafting, Finance Minister); diverse ideologies (socialists, communists, Gandhian).
Activity Expansion: Research state member (e.g., G. Durgabai Deshmukh—women's activist); highlights inclusivity.

Partition's Trauma Detailed

Activity: Elders' memories—fears of violence/disintegration, hopes for unity/equality; 10 lakh deaths, Gandhi's assassination underscored need for strong constitution; princely mergers (e.g., Patel's role) crucial for territorial integrity.

2.4 Guiding Values of the Indian Constitution

Philosophy from Leaders' Visions: Gandhi (1931 Young India): Release from thralldom; poorest have voice; no high/low classes, untouchability, intoxicants; women equal rights; perfect harmony.
Ambedkar's Caution: Key drafter, anti-caste revolutionary; concluding speech: Jan 26, 1950 enters "life of contradictions"—political equality (one man one vote) vs. social/economic inequality; warned prolonged denial perils democracy; urged removal for sustainability.
Nehru's Aspirational Pledge: Tryst with Destiny (Aug 15, 1947 midnight): Redeem pledge substantially; awake to freedom; dedicate to service ending poverty/ignorance/disease/inequality; "greatest man" (Gandhi) to wipe every tear—work unending till no suffering.
Common Idea in Quotes: Equality/justice for all, ending divisions; differences: Gandhi—harmony/no curses; Ambedkar—structural warnings; Nehru—future striving/service.
Preamble as Soul: Short statement of values guiding all articles; "poem on democracy"; examines laws/actions; inspired by US model, most modern constitutions have one.
Key Words Point-Wise Explanation:
- We, the People: Enacted by representatives, not king/external; sovereignty from citizens.
- Sovereign: Supreme internal/external decisions; no dictation.
- Socialist (added 1976): Socially generated wealth shared equally; regulate land/industry to reduce inequalities.
- Secular (added 1976): Freedom for any religion; no official, equal respect all beliefs/practices.
- Democratic: Equal political rights; elect/hold rulers accountable; rule-based government.
- Republic: Elected head, not hereditary.
- Justice (Social/Economic/Political): End caste/religion/gender discrimination; reduce inequalities; welfare for disadvantaged.
- Liberty (Thought/Expression/Belief): No unreasonable restrictions on thinking/expressing/following beliefs/actions.
- Equality (Status/Opportunity): All equal before law; end traditional inequalities; ensure equal opportunities.
- Fraternity: Family-like behavior; dignity/unity/integrity of nation; no inferiority treatment.
Preambles Comparison Expanded: Common—people as source, justice/liberty; Differences: US—future union/defense; SA—past healing/diversity/God invocation; India—aspirations for socialist/secular society, no God reference; SA uniquely past-focused.
Institutional Design: Embodies values into arrangements (ruler selection, power limits, rights); long/detailed, amendable (e.g., 42nd 1976); legal language complex, but chapters cover key aspects; not static/sacred—updates for aspirations/changes.

Values in Action Expanded

Conduct book (1912) on women as "fragile/destined for male protection"—contradicts equality/liberty/fraternity; Constitution (Article 14-15) ensures non-discrimination, women's emancipation (e.g., Deshmukh's role); amendment debates (e.g., women's reservation) test ongoing relevance.

Exercises Summary Expanded

Core Themes Tested: False statements on consensus/amendments; SA conflict; unnecessary provisions; leader matching; Nehru speech analysis; value matching; Constitution Day; democracy factors; critiques; true/false on authority/institutions.
Learning Outcomes: Understand why constitutions bind, SA/India processes, Preamble philosophy; apply to current events (e.g., amendments).

Important Dates and Related Events

17th-18th Cent. European occupation of South Africa; roots of white settlement and apartheid.

1948-1989 Apartheid policy in SA; official racial segregation and discrimination.

1950 Organized protests against apartheid begin in SA.

1964 Mandela sentenced to life imprisonment.

1928 Motilal Nehru Report drafts Indian constitution basics.

1931 Karachi Resolution outlines independent India's constitution.

1935 Government of India Act influences Indian institutional design.

1937 Provincial elections in British India provide legislative experience.

July 1946 Elections to Constituent Assembly.

Dec 1946 First Constituent Assembly meeting.

15 Aug 1947 India's Independence; Nehru's Tryst speech.

26 Nov 1949 Constitution adopted.

26 Jan 1950 Constitution effective; Republic Day.

1990 Mandela released from prison.

26 Apr 1994 SA's first multi-racial elections; new flag.

1996 South African Constitution adopted.

1976 42nd Amendment adds 'Socialist' and 'Secular' to Preamble.

South Africa vs India: Constitution-Making Comparison

Expanded table with chapter points.

Aspect	South Africa	India	Similarities/Dissimilarities
Nature of Colonialism	Racial apartheid by white settlers	British imperial exploitation	Similar: Oppressive foreign rule; Dissimilar: Racial vs. economic/political.
Community Relations	Racial divides; post-forgiveness rainbow	Religious/caste; unity in diversity	Similar: Healing via constitution; Dissimilar: Race vs. religion/caste.
Leadership: Gandhi/Mandela	Mandela: Imprisoned fighter, reconciler	Gandhi: Non-violent, equality visionary	Similar: Moral icons; Dissimilar: Mandela direct negotiator; Gandhi inspirational.
Party: ANC/INC	ANC: Multi-racial umbrella post-struggle	INC: Diverse independence leader	Similar: Mass-based; Dissimilar: ANC post-conflict; INC pre-independence.
Method of Struggle	Protests/strikes, some armed; negotiations	Non-violent satyagraha	Similar: Led to talks; Dissimilar: SA violent phases; India peaceful.
Consensus	2-year oppressor-oppressed debate	Pre-struggle + 3-year Assembly	Similar: Inclusive; Dissimilar: SA reactive; India proactive.
Challenges	Repression, revenge risk	Partition violence, mergers	Similar: Trauma/diversity; Dissimilar: Racial vs. religious.
Outcome	1996: Rights-focused healing	1950: Detailed, amendable framework	Similar: Democratic models; Dissimilar: SA recent; India comprehensive.

Tip

For "similarities/dissimilarities": Use table; expand with examples for depth.

Questions and Answers from Chapter

20 Short Questions (1-2 Marks Each)

1. What is apartheid? (Ex1 link)

Answer: Racial discrimination policy in SA (1948-89); segregated by skin color, oppressed non-whites.

2. Mandela's imprisonment duration?

Answer: 27 years on Robben Island (1964-1990).

3. ANC's role in SA?

Answer: Umbrella organization leading anti-apartheid struggle; included unions, communists.

4. SA multi-racial elections date?

Answer: April 26, 1994; new flag unfurled.

5. SA Constitution year?

Answer: 1996; after 2 years debate.

6. Why constitution in SA? (Ex2)

Answer: Build trust between oppressors/oppressed; ensure compromise on majority rule/rights.

7. Constitution functions (1)?

Answer: Generates trust/coordination for diverse people.

8. Function 2?

Answer: Specifies government constitution/powers.

9. Function 3?

Answer: Limits government; defines citizen rights.

10. Function 4?

Answer: Expresses aspirations for good society.

11. Nehru Report year?

Answer: 1928; universal franchise, equality.

12. Karachi Resolution?

Answer: 1931; independent India constitution outline.

13. Constituent Assembly members?

Answer: 299 post-partition.

14. Assembly debates days?

Answer: 114 over 3 years; 2000+ amendments.

15. Ambedkar's role?

Answer: Drafting Committee Chairman; anti-caste thinker.

16. Preamble addition year?

Answer: Socialist/Secular via 42nd Amendment 1976.

17. Sovereign meaning?

Answer: Supreme decisions internal/external; no external dictation.

18. Republic?

Answer: Elected head of state, not hereditary.

19. Justice in Preamble?

Answer: Social/economic/political; end discrimination, welfare for disadvantaged.

20. Fraternity?

Answer: Family-like unity; no treating citizens as inferior.

20 Medium Questions (4 Marks Each)

1. Correct false statement a (Ex1): Freedom leaders' views on democracy.

Answer: False: Leaders had open consensus on democracy from struggle—e.g., 1928 Nehru Report, 1931 Karachi Resolution committed to universal franchise, equality, minority rights. Not undecided; evolved via national movement against foreign rule and for societal transformation, ensuring democratic framework post-independence. (85 words)

2. False b: Assembly members' views.

Answer: False: Members held diverse views; Assembly included non-Congress (communists), varied social groups; thorough debates on draft (114 days, 2000+ amendments) reflected differences, ensuring broad consensus. Systematic process with recorded debates (12 volumes) preserved rationale, preventing uniformity. (82 words)

3. False c: Constitution implies democracy.

Answer: False: All democracies have constitutions, but not vice versa—e.g., SA pre-1994 had one but undemocratic; Pakistan under Musharraf had but military-dominated. Constitutions exist in non-democracies but often ignored; democratic ones enforce rights/limits effectively. (78 words)

4. False d: Amendments possible?

Answer: False: Amendable as not static—makers provided for changes (e.g., 42nd 1976 added socialist/secular); adapts to society/aspirations without sacred unalterability. Ensures relevance, like women's rights expansions. (72 words)

5. SA salient conflict (Ex2)?

Answer: Between white minority rulers and black majority oppressed; apartheid's racial oppression divided society, denying votes/rights to non-whites. Constitution-making resolved via compromise—majority rule with property safeguards—building trust in divided nation. (75 words)

6. Democratic constitution provision absent (Ex3)?

Answer: Name of head of state—focuses on powers/structure, not personal names; ensures timelessness. Includes head powers, legislature powers, country name for identity. (68 words)

7. Motilal Nehru role (Ex4)?

Answer: Prepared 1928 Constitution draft for India; Congress leader, included universal adult franchise, freedom/equality, minority protections—pre-Assembly consensus foundation. (62 words)

8. Ambedkar role?

Answer: Drafting Committee Chairman; social revolutionary against caste; shaped equality provisions; later Law Minister, founded Republican Party. (58 words)

9. Rajendra Prasad?

Answer: Constituent Assembly President; lawyer, Champaran satyagraha role; thrice Congress President; later India's first President. (54 words)

10. Sarojini Naidu?

Answer: Constituent Assembly member; poet, women's leader in Congress; later Uttar Pradesh Governor. (48 words)

11. Nehru "not wholly/full measure" (Ex5a)?

Answer: Independence pledge redemption incomplete due to partition sorrows/ongoing pains; substantial but not full—future beckons incessant striving to fulfill. (52 words)

12. Pledge wanted (Ex5b)?

Answer: Dedication to India/people service, larger humanity cause; end poverty/ignorance/disease/inequality via responsibility. (46 words)

13. "Greatest man" (Ex5c)?

Answer: Mahatma Gandhi; ambition to wipe every tear through service of suffering millions. (38 words)

14. Sovereign match (Ex6)?

Answer: People supreme right to decisions; no external dictation on internal/external matters. (36 words)

15. Republic?

Answer: Elected head, not hereditary king/monarch. (32 words)

16. Fraternity?

Answer: Live like family; no inferiority to fellow citizens, ensuring dignity/unity. (30 words)

17. Secular?

Answer: No favored religion; equal respect all beliefs/practices, freedom to follow any. (28 words)

18. Democracy factors importance (Ex8)?

Answer: British gift (high—legislative training); Struggle (highest—challenged exploitation, embedded freedoms); Leaders (high—convictions prevented failures like other nations). (68 words)

19. Conduct book vs. Constitution (Ex9)?

Answer: Against values—promotes gender inequality (women fragile, male-dependent); Constitution ensures equality (Preamble Article 14-15), women's emancipation. (62 words)

20. Constitution statement a true/false (Ex10)?

Answer: False: Authority supreme over other laws; not equal—violations unconstitutional. (38 words)

21. Statement b?

Answer: True: Lays organs formation (e.g., Parliament election, President powers). (32 words)

22. Statement c?

Answer: True: Rights (Part III), limits (federalism, judiciary). (26 words)

23. Statement d?

Answer: False: About values (Preamble) and institutions. (22 words)

20 Long Questions (8 Marks Each)

1. Why need constitution? Explain with SA example (Ex2 expanded).

Answer: Constitutions are essential in democracies to bind rulers/citizens with supreme rules, preventing arbitrary power and fostering trust. In SA, post-apartheid, Blacks sought majority rule/social rights, Whites property protection—compromise via written rules ensured implementation: one vote, but no absolute majority/property seizure. Functions: Builds trust for diverse (racial divides); specifies governance (elections/powers); limits abuse (rights); expresses aspirations (equality/justice). Without, trust breaks (revenge risk); SA's 1996 document healed past, granted extensive rights, model globally. India's mirrors—evolved from struggle consensus. Amendable for changes, unlike static laws. Activity: Local clubs need similar for democracy. Overall, enables coordination, rights protection, good society vision—universal for divided nations. (168 words)

2. Describe SA struggle/constitution-making (Ex1/2).

Answer: Apartheid (1948-89): White-imposed racial system segregating Blacks (75%, natives), Coloureds, Indians—no votes, separate facilities (beaches/trains with "whites only" signs). Protests from 1950: Marches/strikes by ANC (unions/communists); Mandela's 1964 life sentence symbolized resistance. International condemnation; regime's torture/killings. Transition: Laws repealed, Mandela freed 1990; 1994 elections ended apartheid. Negotiations: Former oppressors/ANC debated 2 years, forgiving atrocities for "rainbow nation"—equality, justice, rights. 1996 Constitution: Finest ever, extensive citizen rights; preamble heals divisions. Key: Inclusive, no exclusions; Mandela: "Belief in goodness cornerstone." Contrasts revenge; built trust via supreme rules. Inspired world—from undemocratic to model via unity. (162 words)

3. Indian Constitution making process (Ex3).

Answer: Amid partition trauma (10 lakh deaths), princely mergers: Constituent Assembly elected July 1946 (299 members post-division), met Dec 1946. Consensus from struggle: 1928 Nehru draft, 1931 Karachi—universal franchise/equality/minorities. Colonial legacy: 1937 elections, 1935 Act for institutions. Global: French liberty, British parliament, US rights, Russian socialism—adapted. Diverse Assembly (Congress-led, non-Congress, social variety); systematic: Principles first, Ambedkar Drafting Committee; 114 days debate, 2000 amendments; recorded (12 volumes). Adopted Nov 26, 1949; effective Jan 26, 1950. Legitimacy: Broad acceptance, no rewrites; represented via legislatures. Makers: Prasad (President), Ambedkar (Chair), Patel (integration). Amendable for changes; framework for rights/governance. (158 words)

4. Guiding values from leaders (Ex5/6).

Answer: Gandhi: 1931 vision—end thralldom/inequality, poorest voice, no classes/untouchability, women equal, harmony. Ambedkar: Warned contradictions—political equality vs. social/economic denial perils democracy; urged removal. Nehru: Tryst—freedom/service, end poverty/inequality, Gandhi's tear-wiping ambition. Common: Equality/justice ending divisions. Preamble embodies: Sovereign (decisions free), Socialist (inequality reduction), Secular (religious freedom), Democratic (rights/accountability), Republic (elected head), Justice (discrimination end/welfare), Liberty (thoughts/actions free), Equality (law/opportunity), Fraternity (unity/dignity). Added 1976; guides laws, "soul" examining actions. SA comparison: Past-healing; US future-focused. Ensures aspirations like good society. (152 words)

5. Preambles comparison (Check Progress).

Answer: Common ideas: People source (We the People), justice/liberty/welfare, union/democracy. US: Perfect union, justice, tranquility, defense, liberty blessings—future-oriented, no past/God minimal. SA: Recognise injustices, honor sufferers, heal divisions, democratic values/justice/rights, open society, united diversity—past-focused, invokes God in multiple languages. India: Sovereign/socialist/secular/democratic republic, justice/liberty/equality/fraternity—all citizens; comprehensive aspirations, no God. Major difference: SA past-healing explicit; US posterity-focused; India socio-economic emphasis. SA references past uniquely; US/SA invoke God, India does not—secular. Reflects contexts: US revolutionary, SA reconciliatory, India diverse/inclusive. (148 words)

6. Institutional design role (End).

Answer: Beyond values/philosophy, embodies into arrangements: Ruler selection procedures, power distribution/limits, citizen rights protection. India's long/detailed (395 articles)—legal language for clarity/enforceability; amendable (100+ since 1950) for societal changes/aspirations. Not static—makers saw as evolving, not sacred. Key: Procedure for governance (e.g., elections Ch3), limits (federalism), rights (Ch5). Chapters cover salient features; rest in next textbook. Ensures values like equality operational—e.g., judiciary interprets via debates. Without, values abstract; design makes functional, preventing abuse like apartheid. (142 words)

7. SA vs India similarities/dissimilarities (Check).

Answer: Similarities: Both post-oppression (apartheid/colonialism), community divisions healed via constitution (racial/religious), leadership icons (Mandela/Gandhi moral), parties (ANC/INC mass), struggle methods (protests to negotiations). Dissimilarities: Colonialism—racial settlement vs. imperial; relations—skin color vs. religion/caste; leadership—imprisoned negotiator vs. non-violent inspirer; party—post-conflict multi vs. pre-independence diverse; method—armed elements vs. satyagraha. Both inclusive consensus, but SA reactive/forgiveness, India proactive/institutional. Outcomes: Democratic models, but SA rights-healing, India detailed/amendable. Reminds Indian movement's global parallels. (138 words)

8. Constitution Day celebration (Ex7).

Answer: Nov 26 (Adoption Day) as Samvidhan Day since 2015—schools: Preamble pledge, quizzes/debates on values, essay on rights, guest lectures on makers. Report: Fosters awareness of supreme law, democracy; e.g., role-plays on Assembly, posters on Preamble keywords. Links to Article 51A duty; promotes unity/justice. In 2025, focus on 75th Republic—digital campaigns. Enhances civic education, preventing misuse like undemocratic claims. (132 words)

9. India's democracy factors (Ex8).

Answer: British "gift" (high importance): Legislative training via 1937 elections/1935 Act prepared institutions. Freedom struggle (highest): Challenged exploitation/denials, embedded democratic values—couldn't be non-democratic post. Leaders' convictions (high): Gandhi/Nehru/Ambedkar's commitment prevented failures (e.g., Pakistan coups, African dictatorships). Combined: Struggle consensus + experience + vision ensured success; contrasts other independences' instability. Constitution's legitimacy from this foundation. (128 words)

10. Conduct book critique (Ex9).

Answer: 1912 extract: Women "delicate/fragile, incapable self-defense, destined male protection"—patriarchal, denies agency/equality. Contradicts Constitution: Preamble equality/liberty/fraternity; Article 14 equal law, 15 non-discrimination (gender), 16 opportunities. Values from struggle (Gandhi women rights, Deshmukh activism); promotes emancipation, not subjugation. Reflects colonial era inequality; Constitution transformative, ensuring women's political/social participation. (122 words)

11. Constitution statements analysis (Ex10a).

Answer: False: Authority supreme—not same as ordinary laws; violations unconstitutional, judiciary strikes down (basic structure doctrine). Ensures stability; e.g., amendments can't alter core (Kesavananda 1973). (118 words)

12. Statement b.

Answer: True: Details organs—Parliament election (Part V), President powers, judiciary setup; ensures democratic formation/accountability. (114 words)

13. Statement c.

Answer: True: Part III Fundamental Rights, limits via Directive Principles/federalism; protects from abuse, e.g., equality (14-18). (110 words)

14. Statement d.

Answer: False: Integrates values (Preamble philosophy) with institutions (arrangements); e.g., justice via judiciary setup. Holistic—values guide design. (106 words)

15. Mandela's speech common idea with leaders.

Answer: Common: Democratic free society with equality/opportunities for all, harmony despite domination. Differences: Mandela—prepared die for ideal; Gandhi—release thralldom/harmony; Ambedkar—warn contradictions; Nehru—service end suffering. All aspire inclusive nation. (102 words)

16. Assembly diversity support (Check).

Answer: 1. Non-Congress: Mookerjee (Christian Council), Lahiri (Communist). 2. Social: Jaipal (Adivasi), Deshmukh (women), Baldev (Sikh). 3. Ideologies: Ambedkar (socialist/anti-caste), Mukherjee (Hindu Mahasabha). Ensured balanced views. (98 words)

17. Why Assembly accepted today?

Answer: Broad consensus from struggle; represented diverse regions/groups; systematic debates; no major challenges unlike rewrites elsewhere. Endures as legitimate framework. (94 words)

18. Global inspirations in India.

Answer: French—liberty/equality; British—parliamentary; US—Bill of Rights; Russian—socio-economic equality. Adapted: Questioned suitability, e.g., socialism for Indian inequalities. (90 words)

19. Preamble as standard.

Answer: "Poem on democracy"—guides/examines laws/actions; e.g., tests if policy discriminates (justice) or restricts speech (liberty). Soul ensuring alignment. (86 words)

20. Amendment demand example.

Answer: Women's reservation: Public debate on 33% seats; favors—gender justice (Preamble equality); parties mixed (support with OBC quota); 2023 Bill passed, implementation pending. (82 words)

Quick Revision Notes

Concise for exams.

Functions Mnemonic: T-G-L-A

Trust for diversity
Govt specification
Limits/rights
Aspirations society

SA Timeline

1948: Apartheid starts
1964: Mandela jailed
1990: Freed
1994: Elections
1996: Constitution

India Timeline

1928/31: Drafts
1946: Assembly elected
1949: Adopted
1950: Effective

Preamble: SSSDR JLEF

Sovereign/Socialist/Secular/Democratic/Republic
Justice/Liberty/Equality/Fraternity

Leader	Contribution
Mandela	Reconciliation, rainbow
Gandhi	Equality, no untouchability
Ambedkar	Draft, inequality warning
Nehru	Tryst, service pledge

Tips

Shorts: Fact-recall + example.
Mediums: Explain + 1 case.
Longs: Process + analysis + link values.
Compare: 5 points each sim/dissim.

Hack

Timeline flashcards; Preamble recite daily.

This article has been published in CBSE Class 9 Annual Assessment. Explore everything related to it here.

Group Discussions

No forum posts available.

Easily Share with Your Tribe

Complete Solutions and Summary of Constitutional Design – NCERT Class 9, Civics, Chapter 2 – Summary, Questions, Answers, Extra Questions

Detailed summary and explanation of Chapter 2 'Constitutional Design' covering the need for a constitution, making of the Indian constitution, foundational values and philosophy, key makers and debates, with question answers and extra questions based on NCERT Class IX Civics.

Constitutional Design

Comprehensive Chapter Summary

Overview

Learning Tip

2.1 Democratic Constitution in South Africa

Apartheid's Lasting Symbols Expanded

2.2 Why Do We Need a Constitution?

Real-World Application Expanded

2.3 Making of the Indian Constitution

Partition's Trauma Detailed

2.4 Guiding Values of the Indian Constitution

Values in Action Expanded

Exercises Summary Expanded

Important Dates and Related Events

Key Definitions (Glossary)

Apartheid

Clause

Constituent Assembly

Constitution

Constitutional Amendment

Draft

Philosophy

Preamble

Treason

Tryst

Key Quotes on Constitution and Democracy

Nelson Mandela (1964)

Mandela on SA Constitution

Gandhi (1931)

Ambedkar (Concluding)

Nehru (1947 Tryst)

SA Preamble

Indian Preamble

Textbook Activities

Mandela Poster

Elders' Memories

Club Rules Analysis

Assembly Member Research

Constitution Day Report

Conduct Book Critique

Amendment Tracking