Complete Solutions and Summary of Comparative Development Experiences of India and its Neighbours – NCERT Class 11, Economics, Chapter 8 – Summary, Questions, Answers, Extra Questions
An analytical comparison of India’s development path with its neighbours including China, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Covers growth patterns, economic policies, population dynamics, human development indicators, and challenges faced by these countries in their development journeys.
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Categories: NCERT, Class XI, Economics, Summary, Comparative Development, Indian Economy, Neighbouring Countries, Economic Growth, Human Development, Chapter 8
Tags: Comparative Development, India, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Economic Growth, Population, Human Development, Economic Policies, Industrialisation, Agriculture, NCERT, Class 11, Economics, Chapter 8, Answers, Extra Questions
Comparative Development Experiences of India and Its Neighbours: Class 11 NCERT Chapter 8 - Ultimate Study Guide, Notes, Questions, Quiz 2025
Comparative Development Experiences of India and Its Neighbours
Chapter 8: Economics - Ultimate Study Guide | NCERT Class 11 Notes, Questions, Examples & Quiz 2025
Full Chapter Summary & Detailed Notes - Comparative Development Experiences of India and Its Neighbours Class 11 NCERT
Overview & Key Concepts
Chapter Goal: Compare India's development with Pakistan and China on economic/human indicators and strategies. Exam Focus: Similar starts (1947-49), reforms (China 1978, Pakistan 1988, India 1991), sectoral shifts, HDI/GDP trends. 2025 Updates: Recent growth rates, BRICS/SDGs context. Fun Fact: All started Five-Year Plans around 1950s. Core Idea: China leads due to manufacturing/services; India/Pakistan service/agri dependent. Real-World: Wagah trade border. Ties: To Indian economy units.
Wider Scope: Globalisation competition, liberty indicators. Depth: Pre/post-reform phases, demographic biases. Extended: SAARC/BRICS groupings. Tables: 5 key (demographic, GDP growth, sectors, output, HDI). Historical: GLF failure in China. NCERT: Understand neighbours for strengths/weaknesses.
Introduction
Globalisation blurs boundaries; developing nations compete in limited space. Compare India (democracy) with Pakistan (militaristic) and China (command to liberal). Depth: Regional groupings (SAARC, EU, BRICS) strengthen economies. Real-Life: Shared environment impacts human development. Exam Tip: Contrast political systems. Extended: Eagerness to learn from neighbours. Graphs: None. Historical: Post-independence similarities. NCERT: Essential for competition comprehension.
Examples: G-20, G-8.
Point: Vast resources but different setups.
Extended: Nehru quote on Asia spirit. Errors: Ignore neighbours? Miss strengths. Scope: Economic space limited. Principles: Interdependence. Real: Common activities region-wide. Additional: Work These Out groupings. Depth: Global transformation implications. Interlinks: All sections. Advanced: Short/long-term globalisation effects. Symbols: Kennedy quote.
Developmental Path—A Snapshot View
All started 1947-49; similar plans (India 1951, Pakistan 1956, China 1953). China: GLF (1958) backyard industries/communes failed (drought, Russia withdrawal); Cultural Revolution (1966-76); Reforms 1978 agriculture (plots to households), industry (SOEs compete, dual pricing), SEZs. Pakistan: Mixed economy, import substitution 1950s-60s, Green Revolution, nationalisation 1970s, denationalisation 1980s, remittances aid. Depth: Similar growth till 1980s. Real-Life: Wagah border trade. Exam Tip: Phases key. Extended: India public sector/social spend. Graphs: None. Historical: Maoist self-sufficiency failed.
India/China 1/6 world pop; Pakistan 1/10. Density: China lowest. Growth: Pakistan highest (1.89%), China negative (-0.01%). Sex ratio low all (son preference); China one-child norm declined it, now two-children. Fertility: Pakistan 3.4 high, China 1.2 low. Urban: China 65% high. Depth: Table 8.1 2022 data. Real-Life: Elderly proportion China future. Exam Tip: One-child implications. Extended: Measures improve sex ratio. Graphs: None. Historical: Late 1970s China norm. NCERT: Biased against females.
Examples: India 36% urban.
Point: Population small Pakistan.
Extended: Work These Out population measures/son preference. Errors: Geo largest China low density. Scope: Global 1/6 Indian/Chinese. Principles: Stabilisation. Real: Fertility urbanisation link. Additional: Scholars cite norms. Depth: Growth arrest China. Interlinks: Human dev. Advanced: Implications elderly/young. Symbols: Fig 8.2 land use.
Gross Domestic Product and Sectors
China GDP PPP $35T (2nd global), India $15T (42%), Pakistan $1.5T (10% India). Growth: China 10.3% 1980s, now 3%; India 5.7% to 7%; Pakistan 6.3% declining. Sectors 2021: Agri GVA India 19%/China 8%/Pak 24%; workforce India 46%/China 23%/Pak 37%. Industry: China 39% GVA/32% workforce. Services highest all. Depth: Tables 8.2-8.4. Real-Life: China shift agri-industry-services classical. Exam Tip: Direct shift India/Pak to services. Extended: Work These Out manufacturing/service engine. Graphs: None. Historical: 1980s similar per capita.
Examples: Pakistan ahead 1980s.
Point: Agri workforce largest all.
Extended: China cultivable 40% India. Errors: Double-digit China decline recent. Scope: Urban pop link sectors. Principles: Normal course agri-industry-services. Real: 10% China land cultivable. Additional: Output growth Table 8.4. Depth: Pakistan deceleration all sectors. Interlinks: Strategies. Advanced: GVA vs workforce mismatch. Symbols: Fig 8.3 industry.
Indicators of Human Development
HDI: China 0.788 (75th), India 0.644 (134th), Pak 0.540 (164th). Life exp: China 78.6, India 67.7, Pak 66.4. Schooling: China 8.1, India 6.6, Pak 4.4. GNI/cap: China $18k, India $7k, Pak $5k. Poverty: India/Pak 21.9%, China 0%. IMR: Pak 52.5 high. MMR: Pak 154 high. Sanitation: China 94%. Depth: Table 8.5 2017-19. Real-Life: China ahead most. Exam Tip: Liberty indicators needed. Extended: Not sufficient alone. Graphs: None. Historical: Democratic participation added.
Examples: Undernourishment Pak 19%.
Point: Maternal mortality women issue.
Extended: Work These Out India human dev lag. Errors: HDI incomplete sans liberty. Scope: Health/income/literacy. Principles: Constitutional protections. Real: Drinking water high all. Additional: Sources HDR/WDI. Depth: Poverty national vs intl. Interlinks: Strategies appraisal. Advanced: Judiciary independence. Symbols: None.
Development Strategies — An Appraisal
Reforms: China 1978 own initiative (Mao failure), phased agri/industry/SEZs; pre-reform health/edu/land helped. Pakistan 1988: Worsened indicators, agri volatile, remittances/loans dependent; recent recovery 5.5% 2017-18. India 1991 IMF compelled. Depth: China rapid growth rural industries support. Real-Life: Pakistan poverty re-emerge. Exam Tip: China no compulsion unlike India/Pak. Extended: Work These Out trade India-Pak/China. Graphs: None. Historical: China per capita grain 1950s=1978. NCERT: Experiment small scale China.
Till 1980s low similar; now diverged: China market without losing commitment, poverty alleviation; India moderate agri dependent; Pakistan instability/remittances volatile, recent recovery. Depth: China public intervention pre-reform human dev. Real-Life: China no political freedom concern. Exam Tip: Liberty vs growth. Extended: India initiatives infrastructure. Graphs: None. Historical: Seven decades varied. NCERT: Learn from neighbours.
Examples: Pakistan agri performance key.
Point: China used market create opportunities.
Extended: Recap points. Errors: Over-dependence aid. Scope: Different levels last decades. Principles: Political commitment. Real: Rural security China. Additional: Exercises 17 questions. Depth: Majority workforce agri. Interlinks: All. Advanced: Privatisation India/Pak vs China. Symbols: None.
Summary
Similar starts/plans; reforms diverged paths; demographic China urban/low growth; GDP China lead mfg/services; HDI China ahead; strategies China success pre-reform base; conclusion China growth/poverty win, India moderate, Pak recovery.
Why This Guide Stands Out
Complete: All subtopics, tables (5), Q&A, quiz. Economics-focused: Growth rates/sectors. Free 2025. More content: Extended comparisons, real-world links, advanced depth.
1 Mark Answer: 1947. China 1949 People's Republic.
3. What is GLF?
1 Mark Answer: 1958 China industrialisation. Backyard industries/communes.
4. When China reforms?
1 Mark Answer: 1978. Phased agri/industry.
5. Pakistan first plan year?
1 Mark Answer: 1956. Medium Term Development.
6. What one-child norm implication?
1 Mark Answer: Low pop growth; sex ratio decline. Now two-children.
7. China GDP PPP rank?
1 Mark Answer: 2nd global $35T. India 42% it.
8. 1980s growth leader?
1 Mark Answer: China 10.3%. Double-digit.
9. Sector highest GVA all?
1 Mark Answer: Services. 52-56%.
10. India agri workforce %?
1 Mark Answer: 46%. Highest dependency.
11. HDI India rank?
1 Mark Answer: 134th. Value 0.644.
12. China IMR?
1 Mark Answer: 5.1/1000. Lowest.
13. What liberty indicator?
1 Mark Answer: Democratic participation. HDI add.
14. China reforms compulsion?
1 Mark Answer: None. Own initiative Mao failure.
15. Pakistan poverty trend?
1 Mark Answer: Declined 80s, re-emerge recent.
16. China SEZ purpose?
1 Mark Answer: Attract foreign investors.
17. Pakistan forex source?
1 Mark Answer: Remittances/agri exports. Volatile.
18. Recent Pakistan growth?
1 Mark Answer: 5.5% 2017-18. Recovery.
19. Till when similar growth?
1 Mark Answer: 1980s. Low levels.
20. China shift pattern?
1 Mark Answer: Classical agri-industry-services.
Part B: 4 Marks Questions
1. Outline similarities in paths.
4 Marks Answer: Independence 1947-49; Five-Year Plans 1951/56/53; similar growth/per capita till 1980s; public sector/social spend India/Pak; mixed economy Pak.
2. Describe China GLF/Cultural Rev.
4 Marks Answer: GLF 1958 mass industrialise/backyard/communes; failed drought/Russia exit/30m deaths. Cultural Rev 1966-76 students rural learn; traced fast growth 1978 reforms.
3. Explain China 1978 reforms phases.
4 Marks Answer: Initial agri/foreign trade: Plots households/keep income post-tax. Later industry: Private/township produce; SOEs compete; dual pricing; SEZs FDI.
4. Outline Pakistan policies.
4 Marks Answer: Mixed; import sub 50s-60s tariffs/controls; Green Rev mechanise/food rise; 70s nationalise; 80s denationalise/private incentives; remittances/west aid stimulate.
5. Compare demographic indicators.
4 Marks Answer: Pop India/China large, Pak small; growth Pak high/China neg; sex low all son pref; fertility Pak high/China low; urban China high. One-child key China.
6. Analyse GDP growth trends.
4 Marks Answer: 1980s China double/Pak ahead India; recent China decline/India increase/Pak decel; China $35T PPP lead; India 42%/Pak 10%.
7. Discuss sectoral shares 2021.
4 Marks Answer: Agri GVA low China 8%/high Pak 24%; industry China strong 39%; services highest all; workforce agri India 46% high; China classical shift.
8. Explain output growth sectors.
4 Marks Answer: 1980-90 China high all; recent agri decline all; India services increase; Pak decel all; China mfg/services contribute growth.
9. Compare HDI indicators.
4 Marks Answer: China ahead income/health/edu/poverty/sanitation; Pak high IMR/MMR; India mid; liberty needed for complete.
10. Why China introduce 1978 reforms?
4 Marks Answer: Mao slow/modern lack; self-sufficiency failed; grain output stagnant; new leadership unhappy.
11. Pre-reform China positives?
4 Marks Answer: Health/edu infra; land reforms; decentralised planning; small enterprises; commune food equitable; experiment small scale.
4 Marks Answer: Exports/imports; Pak 2004-05 exp 2341 cr/imp 427 cr; 2022-23 exp 5020/imp 158; China exp 25k to 1.2L/imp 31k to 790k; calculate % discuss.
14. China success factors?
4 Marks Answer: Phased reforms; agri prosperity rural base; small experiments; market without political lose; pre-reform social infra.
15. Pakistan slowdown reasons?
4 Marks Answer: Political instability; agri non-institutional; remittances volatile; loans dependence; reform worsening.
16. Group features India/China/Pak.
4 Marks Answer: Demographic: One-child/low fert/high urban China; high fert/low urban Pak; large pop/high density India. Economy: Mixed all; mfg growth China; service India.
17. Comment China/India growth last decades.
4 Marks Answer: China rapid mfg/services; India moderate services; diverged post-80s; China double to 3%; India 5.7 to 7%.
18. Fill blanks: First plan Pakistan?
4 Marks Answer: (a) Pakistan 1956; (b) Pakistan high MMR; (c) India/Pak equal poverty; (d) China 1978.
19. Why regional groupings?
4 Marks Answer: Strengthen domestic economies; form SAARC/EU/BRICS; understand neighbours globalisation.
20. Similar strategies India/Pak?
4 Marks Answer: Large public sector; social dev expenditure; mixed economy; planned development.
Part C: 8 Marks Questions
1. Compare developmental paths snapshot.
8 Marks Answer: Similar independence/plans 1947-56; growth till 80s; China GLF fail/Cultural Rev/1978 reforms agri plots/SOEs dual/SEZs; Pak import sub/Green Rev/nationalise/denationalise/remittances; India public/social; diverged post-reforms China lead.
2. Analyse demographic indicators details.
8 Marks Answer: Pop China/India large/Pak small; density China low; growth Pak 1.89%/India 0.68%/China -0.01%; sex 938-982 low son pref; fert Pak 3.4/India 2/China 1.2 one-child; urban China 65%/India 36%/Pak 38%; implications elderly China/measures improve.
3. Examine GDP growth and sectors comparison.
8 Marks Answer: China $35T PPP/India $15T/Pak $1.5T; 1980s China 10.3%/Pak 6.3%/India 5.7%; recent China 3%/India 7%/Pak 4.8%; sectors GVA services high; agri workforce India 46%; China classical shift mfg 39%; India/Pak direct services; output China high 80s decline recent.
4. Discuss human development indicators trends.
8 Marks Answer: HDI China 0.788/India 0.644/Pak 0.540; life exp China 78.6/India 67.7/Pak 66.4; schooling China 8.1/India 6.6/Pak 4.4; GNI China $18k/India $7k/Pak $5k; poverty China 0%/India Pak 21.9%; IMR Pak 52.5/China 5.1; MMR Pak 154/China 23; sanitation China 94%; liberty essential complete.
5. Appraise China strategies pre/post-reform.
8 Marks Answer: Pre: Health/edu/land/decentralised/commune equitable; post 1978 own Mao fail; phased agri prosperity/rural ind/SEZs; small experiments assess costs; rapid growth poverty alleviate; market political commit; land collective security.
8 Marks Answer: GVA agri India 19%/China 8%; ind China 39%/India 29%/Pak 20%; serv all 52-56%; workforce agri India 46%/China 23%/Pak 37%; China classical shift; India/Pak direct serv; indicates China balanced/India agri dep/service growth.
8. Discuss development strategies appraisal.
8 Marks Answer: China 1978 initiative phased success pre-base; Pak 1988 compelled worsen indicators volatile; India 1991 IMF; roots assess phases; China rapid rural support; Pak slowdown political/agri; recent recovery.
9. Analyse conclusion diverged paths.
8 Marks Answer: Till 80s low similar; China market commit poverty win no freedom concern; India demo moderate agri dep infra init; Pak instab/remit volatile agri perf recent recovery macro stable; learn neighbours.
10. Compare India/China/Pak salient HDI.
8 Marks Answer: China ahead HDI/income/life/school/GNI/poverty/IMR/MMR/sanitation/undernour; India mid Pak low; women mortality issue; drinking high all; liberty constitutional/judiciary essential.
11. Reasons Pakistan slow growth/poverty.
8 Marks Answer: Reforms worsen GDP/sector; poverty 40% 60s to 25% 80s rise recent; agri non-tech change harvest dep; forex remit/agri volatile loans hard; political instab.
12. Growth rate trends China/India last two decades.
8 Marks Answer: China 1980s 10.3% to 2015-17 6.8%/2022 3%; India 5.7% to 7.3%/7%; diverged China rapid mfg/serv India moderate serv; Pak 6.3% to 5.3%/4.8% decel.
13. Factors rapid China economic dev.
8 Marks Answer: 1978 reforms phased agri/ind; pre health/edu/land; decentral exp small assess; rural ind prosperity base; market mech opportunities; collective land security; poverty alleviate.
14. India wrong human dev?
8 Marks Answer: Growth good but HDI lag; human resources neglect; poverty/health/edu invest low; agri dep majority; compare neighbours China ahead; discuss class.
15. Trade implications India-Pak/China.
8 Marks Answer: Table exp/imp; Pak exp rise/imp fall % improve; China exp rise/imp huge % deficit; dumping threat mfg; discuss goods/services newspapers.
16. Salient demographic indicators.
8 Marks Answer: Table pop growth density sex fert urban; China low growth/density high urban; Pak high growth/fert low urban; India mid large pop; son pref common.
17. Liberty indicator examples.
8 Marks Answer: Democratic participation; constitutional rights protection; judiciary independence/rule law; HDI insufficient sans; overriding importance.
18. Great Leap Forward explain.
8 Marks Answer: 1958 Mao industrialise massive; backyard ind rural communes collective cult; problems drought 30m death Russia conflict withdraw pros; havoc.
19. China rapid ind growth 1978 agree?
8 Marks Answer: Yes; reforms agri plots income keep/ind private/SOEs compete/dual pricing/SEZs FDI; traced fast; pre base helped; phenomenal rural.
20. Path Pakistan economic dev.
8 Marks Answer: Mixed import sub tariffs/Green Rev mech infra food rise; 70s nationalise cap goods; 80s denat private thrust inc/remit west aid; 1988 reforms; similarities India.
