What is financial infrastructure?

The network of banks, payment systems and stock markets that helps manage money

What are the main things a bank does?

Holds deposits and lends money as loans

How do banks make money?

They pay lower interest on deposits and charge higher interest on loans

Earning interest on previous interest as well as on the original amount

What is weather, and where does it mostly occur?

Weather is the state of the Earth's atmosphere at a given time and place, and almost all weather phenomena occur in the troposphere, the atmospheric layer nearest the ground.

Why do we need common standards to measure temperature?

Because what feels cold to one person may feel pleasant to another; without an agreed scale like Celsius, people in different places cannot share an exact sense of how hot or cold it is.

How is rainfall measured, and in what unit?

With a rain gauge, where rain falls through a funnel into a cylinder and a scale records the depth of water collected, measured in millimetres.

What instrument measures atmospheric pressure, and what does a low reading mean?

A barometer measures it in millibars; normal pressure at the coast is about 1013 mb, and a reading below 1000 mb indicates a depression that may grow into a storm or cyclone.

How do a wind vane and an anemometer differ?

A wind vane shows the direction the wind is blowing from, while an anemometer's spinning cups measure the wind's speed in kilometres per hour.

How did people traditionally forecast weather before instruments?

They observed nature's clues, such as ants shifting their eggs to higher ground, frogs croaking loudly, or pine cones opening and closing, to anticipate rain or storms.

What is an Automated Weather Station (AWS)?

A self-operating system that uses sensors to measure and record temperature, humidity, wind, rainfall and pressure without needing a person present.

When was the India Meteorological Department set up, and what does it do?

It was set up in 1875; it collects weather data, predicts the weather, and issues colour-coded warnings for events like heat waves, heavy rain and cyclones.

Why is accurate weather prediction increasingly important?

It helps people plan activities and lets governments prepare for disasters; this matters more than ever because climate change is making extreme weather such as droughts, floods and cyclones more frequent.

CBSE · NCERT syllabus

CBSE Class 7 — Notes, Chapters & Practice Quizzes

Q: What are the five elements of weather?

Temperature, precipitation, atmospheric pressure, wind and humidity.

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Chapter 2: Understanding the Weather — Class 7 Social Science

Social Science · 20 chapters

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Chapter 2: Understanding the Weather

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What is weather?

Summary

This chapter explains what weather is and how we measure and predict it. Weather is the state of the Earth's atmosphere at a particular time and place, and it happens mostly in the troposphere, the layer of air closest to the ground. Five elements define the weather: temperature, precipitation, atmospheric pressure, wind and humidity. The chapter shows why common standards of measurement matter — what feels chilly to someone in Chennai may feel pleasant to someone in Kashmir — and introduces the instruments scientists use: the thermometer for temperature (on the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales), the rain gauge for rainfall in millimetres, the barometer for atmospheric pressure in millibars, the wind vane and anemometer for wind direction and speed, and the hygrometer for relative humidity. It traces how people once read nature's clues — ants moving eggs, frogs croaking, pine cones opening — to forecast weather, and how meteorologists now use instruments and weather stations, including Automated Weather Stations, to collect data over time. The India Meteorological Department, set up in 1875, issues colour-coded warnings for events like heat waves, heavy rain and cyclones. The chapter stresses that accurate weather prediction helps people plan activities, lets governments prepare for disasters, and saves lives, especially as climate change makes extreme weather more frequent.

Elements of weatherWeather instrumentsReading nature's cluesWeather stations and the IMDPredicting weather and disasters

Key terms

Weather

The state of the Earth's atmosphere at a particular time and place, described by elements such as temperature, rainfall, wind and humidity.

Troposphere

The lowest layer of the atmosphere, closest to the ground, where living things breathe and where almost all weather takes place.

Precipitation

Any form of water — rain, snow, sleet or hail — that falls from the sky.

Atmospheric pressure

The weight of the air above and around us pressing on the Earth's surface, measured in millibars with a barometer.

Relative humidity

A measure of how much water vapour the air holds compared to the maximum it could hold, expressed as a percentage and measured with a hygrometer.

Meteorology

The systematic study of weather and how it changes, which forms the basis of weather forecasting.

Important questions

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The state of the Earth's atmosphere at a particular time and place, described by elements such as temperature, rainfall, wind and humidity.

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Practice quiz · Understanding the Weather

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Understanding the Weather

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