What traumatic event does Zitkala-Sa describe at the school?

The forcible cutting of her long hair

Why was the cutting of her hair so humiliating to Zitkala-Sa?

Among her people, shingled hair was worn by cowards and mourners

What does the WHO definition of reproductive health include?

It includes complete physical, emotional, behavioural and social well-being in all aspects related to reproduction, not merely the absence of disease.

Name the natural methods of contraception.

Periodic abstinence (rhythm method), withdrawal or coitus interruptus, and lactational amenorrhea.

How do oral contraceptive pills prevent pregnancy?

They contain progestogens or progestogen-estrogen combinations that inhibit ovulation and implantation and alter cervical mucus to retard sperm entry.

What are tubectomy and vasectomy?

They are surgical (sterilisation) methods; vasectomy involves cutting and tying the vas deferens in males, and tubectomy involves cutting and tying the fallopian tubes in females.

Why is amniocentesis legally banned for sex determination?

It is banned to prevent its misuse for detecting the sex of the foetus and carrying out female foeticide.

Name some common sexually transmitted infections.

Gonorrhoea, syphilis, genital herpes, chlamydiasis, genital warts, trichomoniasis, hepatitis-B and HIV/AIDS.

In Vitro Fertilisation followed by Embryo Transfer; fertilisation occurs outside the body in the laboratory and the embryo is transferred into the female reproductive tract.

Differentiate between ZIFT and GIFT.

In ZIFT, a zygote or early embryo is transferred into the fallopian tube; in GIFT, an ovum collected from a donor is transferred into the fallopian tube of another female who cannot produce ova.

Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection, where a single sperm is directly injected into the ovum to form an embryo in the laboratory.

List the qualities of an ideal contraceptive.

It should be user-friendly, easily available, effective and reversible, with no or minimal side effects, and should not interfere with sexual drive.

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Chapter 3: Reproductive Health — Class 12 Biology

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Chapter 3: Reproductive Health

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Which of the following is a surgical method of contraception in males?

Summary

This chapter deals with reproductive health, defined by the WHO as total well-being in all aspects of reproduction, including physical, emotional, behavioural and social health. It outlines India's Reproductive and Child Health Care (RCH) programmes aimed at creating awareness, providing facilities and counselling for reproduction-related matters, and the role of sex education in addressing myths and promoting responsible behaviour. Population stabilisation and birth control are addressed through contraception, with methods classified as natural (periodic abstinence, withdrawal, lactational amenorrhea), barrier (condoms, diaphragms), intra-uterine devices (IUDs), oral pills, injectables, implants and surgical methods (tubectomy, vasectomy). An ideal contraceptive should be user-friendly, effective, reversible and with no side effects. Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) is discussed as a means of induced abortion, including its legal status and role in curbing unsafe practices and female foeticide, prohibited by law through amniocentesis misuse regulation. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as gonorrhoea, syphilis, genital herpes, hepatitis-B and HIV/AIDS are described, along with prevention. Infertility and its management through Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) like IVF-ET, ZIFT, GIFT, ICSI and artificial insemination are explained, providing childless couples options while emphasising adoption.

Reproductive health and RCH programmesPopulation and birth control methodsMedical Termination of PregnancySexually Transmitted InfectionsInfertility and Assisted Reproductive Technologies

Key terms

Reproductive health

A state of complete physical, emotional, behavioural and social well-being related to all aspects of reproduction.

Contraception

The deliberate use of natural, barrier, hormonal or surgical methods to prevent pregnancy.

MTP

Medical Termination of Pregnancy, the intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term.

STIs

Sexually Transmitted Infections (also called VD or RTI) such as gonorrhoea, syphilis and AIDS, transmitted through sexual contact.

Amniocentesis

A foetal sex determination and disorder detection test based on analysis of amniotic fluid, misused for sex-selective abortion and hence legally banned for sex determination.

ART

Assisted Reproductive Technologies such as IVF, ZIFT, GIFT and ICSI that help infertile couples have children.

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A state of complete physical, emotional, behavioural and social well-being related to all aspects of reproduction.

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Practice quiz · Reproductive Health

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